hoffman] TEMPORARY STRUCTURES 255 



left open, and the top of each sapling on a given side is tben bound 

 down over its opposite fellow to form a roof somewhat resembling a 

 wagon-top, as in figure 34. Horizontal saplings are then bound around 

 the framework to make the structure secure, and over all are laid, longi- 

 tudinally, a series of long strips of pine bark, the upper pieces over- 

 lapping those below, while a large piece is placed over the highest part 

 of the roof, which thus sheds the rain or melting snow. This part com- 

 pleted, the end of the wigwam is protected by other pieces of bark 

 placed slantingly against the side. To keep out mosquitoes, smudges 

 are built at one or both ends of these lodges, that the smoke may be car- 

 ried through the structure. The bedding is spread on the ground, and 

 usually covers the entire floor. 



Sometimes a so-called lean-to is built for short occupancy, or even for 

 a single night's shelter from rain or clew. This variety of structure is 

 made generally by laying short poles against a fallen tree trunk, the 

 extreme pieces being about 6 or 7 feet apart; other poles or branches 

 are then placed transversely upon these, and this rude framework is 

 finally covered with brush and leaves. 



Occasionally winter habitations of bark are constructed like those 

 shown in plate xvni. 



Another form of Menomini shelter which may again be referred to is 

 the sweat-lodge, resorted to by those who may feel indisposed, or by 

 the shamans previously to undertaking any serious or difficult task. 

 This variety of structure resembles a huge beehive, but -may be a 

 little less conical in shape. An illustration (plate xi) of the sweat- 

 lodge has already been given in connection with the ceremonies of the 

 Mita'wit. 



The tshi'saqkan or jugglery also has been described and illustrated 

 (figure 20) in connection with the subject of that class of shamans. It 

 is simply a large funnel-shape lodge, constructed of vertical poles with 

 horizontal branches lashed on to serve as hoops, so to say. Over this 

 frame birchbark, matting, or cloth is wrapped to hide the actions of the 

 operator within. A ceremonial wigwam closely related to this is the 

 previously mentioned mita'wiko'mik or medicine-lodge, represented in 

 several forms in plates vi and xn and figures 5 and 9, which illustrate 

 the different structures used during the annual performances. 



OTHER STRUCTURES 



Some of the more thrifty Indians erect, for use as stables, small log 

 buildings with flat roofs of saplings covered with branches, straw, and 

 earth. To the stable a small corral, consisting of vertical saplings, is 

 attached to prevent the escape of the animals. 



Poultry houses measuring from (i to 8 feet square, built of logs with 

 board roofs, are also common among the Menomini. 



In recent years fences have been erected. These are usually either 

 of posts or of clapboards, though many of the fields are inclosed by 



