284 THE MENOMINI INDIANS [eth.ann.14 



portion of a piece of wood about an inch in diameter and from 5 to 6 

 inches in length. 



The gum or resin of the Larrea mexicana was utilized to set the stone 

 blade, which required no additional strengthening because of the adhe- 

 sive power of the gum ; but when glue was made of beaver-tail or deer- 

 hoof, sinew was sometimes wrapped over the glued base or tangs of the 

 stone point to lend additional strength. 



The processes employed in the manufacture of stone arrowheads have 

 been repeatedly referred to and illustrated in recent years, so that fur- 

 ther description is now unnecessary. 



Notwithstanding that from 25 to 30 per cent of the arrows found 

 among the Apache at Camp Apache, Arizona, were made from stone 

 and glass, the manufacture of glass points only was observed by the 

 present writer. In addition to specimens made of bottle glass, chalced- 

 ony, gray jasper, and obsidian, one specimen made of gold quartz was 

 obtained, but the locality from which the mineral was procured could 

 not be learned, the owner of the arrows refusing to disclose the place. 

 All of these points were rather small, the average size corresponding 

 to that given in the accompanying illustration (figure 54), though in 



Fig. 54— Apache stone point. 



some instances they were long and narrow. Furthermore, the notches 

 for the reception of the sinew strands were at each side, a short dis- 

 tance from the base. The sinew, being thus in a depression, was pro- 

 tected from injury by violent friction with the edges of the arrow. Iron 

 arrowpoints, on the contrary, were fastened to the shaft by inserting 

 the tang into the fore end of the shaft, and then tying it with sinew 

 (plate xxi, b). In both instances, mesquite gum or other resinous sub- 

 stance was generally used to secure the arrowpoints. Immediately 

 behind the point, and along the foreshaft for a distance of perhaps 5 or 

 G inches, a dark reddish substance resembling dried blood mixed with 

 clay had been applied. The arrows were said to have been poisoned, 

 and were carefully handled by their owners. As some of the Apache 

 poisoned their arrows by dipping them into decomposed liver, to which 

 had been added crushed tarantulas, scorpions, and frequently the venom 

 of the rattlesnake, it is only reasonable to suppose that their assertions 

 may have been correct. 



Poisoxkd Arrows 



The Menomini admit that their aucestors poisoned arrows by besmear- 

 ing the points with rattlesnake venom and it may be asserted that 

 many of the tribes whose territory bordered on the Menomini country 



