wwship] TRANSLATION OF CASTANEDA 519 



It is 20 leagues to Tusayan, going northwest. This is a province 

 with seven villages, of the same sort, dress, habits, and ceremonies as 

 at Cibola. There may be as many as 3,000 or 4,000 men in the fourteen 

 villages of these two provinces. It is 40 leagues or more to Tiguex, 

 the road trending toward the north. The rock of Acuco, which we 

 described in the hrst part, is between these. 



Chapter 4, of how they live at Tiguex^ <ui<l of the province of Tiguex and 

 its neighborhood. 



Tiguex is a province with twelve villages on the banks of a large, 

 mighty river; some villages on one side and some on the other. It is a 

 spacious valley two leagues wide, and a very high, rough, snow-covered 

 mountain chain lies east of it. There are seven villages in the ridges 

 at the foot of this — four on the plain and three situated on the skirts 

 of the mountain. 



There are seven villages 7 leagues to the north, at Quirix, and the 

 seven villages of the province of Hemes are 40 leagues northwest. It 

 is 40 leagues north or east to Acha, 1 and 4 leagues southeast to Tuta- 



says: "All theskeletons, especially of adults [in the intramural burials], were, with but few exceptions, 

 disposed with the heads to the east and slightly elevated as though resting on pillows, so as to face the 

 west; and the hands were usually placed at the sides or crossed over the breast. With nearly all were 

 paraphernalia, household utensils, articles of adornment, etc. This paraphernalia quite invariably 

 partook of a sacerdotal character." In the pyral mounds outside the communal dwellings, "each lnni.il 

 consisted of a vessel, large or small, according to the age of the person whose thoroughly cremated 

 remains it was designed to receive, together, ordinarily, with traces of the more valued and smaller 

 articles of personal property sacrificed at the time of cremation. Over each such vessel was placed 

 either an inverted bowl or a nover (roughly rounded by chipping) of potsherds, which latter, in most 

 cases, showed traces of having been firmly cemented, by means of mud plaster, to the vessels they 

 covered. Again, around each such burial were found always from two or three to ten or a dozen 

 broken vessels, often, indeed, a complete set; namely, eating and drinking bowls, water jar and bottle, 

 pitcher, spheroidal food receptacle, ladles large and small, and cooking-pot. Sometimes, however, 

 one or another of theso vessels actually designed for sacrifice with, the dead, was itself used as the 

 receptacle of his or her remains. In every such case tin- vessel had been either punctured at the 

 bottom or on one side, or else violently cracked— from Zufli customs, in the process of 'killing' it." 

 The remains of other articles were around, burned in the same fire. 



Since the above note was extracted, excavations have been conducted by Dr. J. "Walter Fewke* at the 

 prehistoric Hopi pueblo of Sikyatki, an exhaustive account of which will be published in a furth- 

 coming report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Sikyatki is located at the base of the First Mesa of 

 Tusayan, about 3 miles from Hano. The house structures were situated on an elongated elevation, 

 the western extremity of the village forming a sort ot acropolis. On the northern, western, and 

 southern slopes of the height, outside the village proper, cemeteries were found, and in these most of 

 the excavations were conducted. Many graves were uncovered at a depth varying from 1 tout to 

 10 feet, but the skrletons were in such condition as to be practically beyond recovery. Accompany- 

 ing these remains were hundreds of food and water vessels in great variety of form and decoration, 

 and in quality of texture far better than any earthenware previously recovered from a pueblo people. 

 With the remains of the priests there were found in addition to the usual utensils, terra cotta and 

 stone pipes, beads, prayer-sticks, quartz crystals, arrowpoints, stone and shell fetiches, sacred paint, 

 and other paraphernalia similar to that used by the Hopi of today. The house walls were con- 

 structed of small, fiat stones brought from the neighboring mesa, laid in adobe mortar and plastered 

 with the same material. The rooms were invariably small, averaging perhaps 8 feet square, and 

 the walls were quite thin. No human remains were found in the houses, nor were any e\ idences of 

 cremation obser\ ed. 



Mota Padilla, cap. xxxii, 5, p 160, describes a funeral which was witnessed by the soldiers of Coro- 

 nado's army : " en una ocasion vieron los espanoles que lialuendo muerto uu indio, armarou una grande 

 balsa o himmaria de leiia, sobre que pusieron el cuerpo cubierto con una manta, y luego todos los del 

 pueblo, hombres y mujeres, fueron poniendo sobre la cama de lefia, pinole, calabazas, frijoles, atole, 

 maiz tostado, y de lo demas que nsaban comer, y (Heron fuego por todas partes, de suerte que en breve 

 todo so convirtui en cemzas con el cuerpo. " 



■The pueblo of Picuris. 



