520 THE CORONADO EXPEDITION, 1540-1542 [eth.ann.h 



haco, a province with eight villages. In general, these villages all have 

 the same habits and customs, although some have some things in par- 

 ticular which the others have not. 1 They are governed by the opinions 

 of the elders. They all work together to build the villages, the women 

 being engaged in making the mixture and the walls, while the men 

 bring the wood and put it in place.- They have no lime, but they make 

 a mixture of ashes, coals, and dirt which is almost as good as mortar, 

 for when the house is to have four stories, they do not make the walls 

 more than half a yard thick. They gather a great pile of twigs of 

 thyme and sedge grass and set it afire, and when it is half coals and 

 ashes they throw a quantity of dirt and water on it and mix it all 

 together. They make round balls of this, which they use instead of 

 stones after they are dry, fixing them with the same mixture, which 

 comes to be like a stiff clay. Before they are married the young men 

 serve the whole village in general, and fetch the wood that is needed 

 for use, putting it in a pile in the courtyard of the villages, from which 

 the women take it to carry to their houses. 



The young men live in the estufas, which are in the yards of the 

 village." They are underground, square or round, with pine pillars. 



1 Bandolier gives a general account of the internal condition of the Pueblo Indians, "with references to 

 the older Spanish writers, in his Final Report, pt. i, p. 135. 



2 Bandolier, Filial Report, pt. i, p. 141, quotes from Benavides, Memorial, p. 43, the following account 

 of bow the churches and convents in the pueblo region were built : " los ha hecho tan solamete las 

 mugeres, y los inuehachos, y muehachas de la dotrina; porque entre estos naciones so vsa hazer las 

 mugeres las paredes, y los hombres hilan y texen sus mantas, y van ;l la guerra, y a la caza, y si obli- 

 gamos a algil hombre a hazer pared, se corre dello, y las mugeres se rim." 



Mota Padilla, cap.xxxii, p. 159: "estos pueblos [de Tigiies y Tzibola] estaban murados ... si 

 bien sediferenciaban en que los pueblos de Tzibola son fabricados de pizarras unidas con argamasade 

 tierra ; y los de Tigiies son de una tierra giiijosa, aunque muy fuerte j sus fabricas tienen las puertas para 

 adentro del pueblo, y la entrada de estos muros son pnertas pequenas y se sube por unas escalerillas 

 angostas, y se entradeellas a una sala de terraplen, y por otraescalera sebajaal plan de la poblacion.'* 



Several d;tys before Friar Marcos reached Chichilticalli, the natives, who were telling him about 

 Cibola, described the way in which these lofty houses were built : ' ' para darmelo d entender. tomaban 

 tierra y ceniza, y echabanle agua, y senalabaniue como ponian la piedra y como subian el edificio 

 arriba, pomendo aquello y piedra hasta ponello en lo alto; preguntabales a los hombres de aquella 

 tierra si Ionian alas para snbir aquellos sobrados; reianse y seualabanme el escalera, tambien como la 

 podria yo senalar, y tomaban un palo y ponianlo sobre la cabeza y decian que aquel altura hay de 

 aobrado li aobrado." Relacion de Fray Marcos in Pacheco y Cardenas, Doc. de Indias, vol. hi, p. 339. 



Lewis H. Morgan, in his Ruins of a Stone Pueblo, Peabody Museum Reports, vol. xii, p. 541, says : 

 "Adobe is a kind of pulverized olay with a bond of considerable strength by mechanical cohesion. In 

 southern Colorado, in Arizona, and New Mexico there are immense tracts covered with what is calif d 

 adobe soil. It vanes somewhat in the degree of its excellence. The kind of which they make their 

 pottery lias the largest per cent of alumina, and its presence is indicated by the salt weed which grows 

 in this particular soil. This kind also makes the best adobe mortar The Indians use it freely in laying 

 their walls, as freely as our masons use lime mortar; and although it never acquires the hardness of 

 cement, it disintegrates slowly . . . This adobe mortar is adapted only to the dry climate of southern 

 Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, where the precipitation is less than 5 inches per annum . . . To 

 the presence of this adobe soil, found in such abundance in the regions named, and to the sandstone 

 of the bluffs, wbere masses are often found in fragments, we must attribute the great progress made 

 by these Indiana in house building." 



3 Bandelier discusses the estufas in bis Final Report.pt. i, p. 144 ff., giving quotations from the Spanish 

 writers, with his usual wealth of footnotes. Dr Fewkea, in his Zufn Summer Ceremonials, says: 

 "These rooms are semisubterranean (in Zunil, situated on the first or ground floor, never, so tar as 

 Lhave seen, ou the second or higher stones. They are rectangular or square rooms, built of stone, 

 with openings just large enough to admit the head serving as windows, and still preserve the old 

 form of entrance hy ladders through a sky hole in the roof. Within, the estufas have bare walls and 

 are unfurnished but have a raised ledge about the walls, serving as seats." 



