ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLIX 



explanati<nis of tlieiu as 1 could obtain tlirouo-h my inipertect 

 knowledije of the lanirnaye and tlirouyli nu' iiitt'ri)rcter, tlie 

 Jlormon ini.st<iouary. The artist wlio made tlie ori<^inal th-a\viug 

 in colors had to deper.d upon the paraphernalia of the altar 

 which I brought with ine, together with my notes on their 

 arrangement. The original drawing-, made in oil on canvas, 

 has been reproduced in color. An exact dujilicate of this altar 

 has not been seen by Dr P^ewkes, but onlv something like it. 

 He identifies it as an altar of the Owakiilti fraternity. When 

 I prepared the notes for the illustration I did not then under- 

 stand that the fraternities, like the (dans, gentes, tribes, and 

 confederacies, have totems; for totemism is a system of insti- 

 tutional naming. 



A clan is an organized group of persons who i-eckon kinship 

 through females from an ancestral mother, real or ejjonvmous; 

 it has well-defined rights and duties. 



A gens is an organized group of peo}jle haAing a unit of 

 government and who reckon kinship through males from an 

 ancestral father, real or eponymous; it has well-defined rights 

 and duties. 



A tribe is a group of clans in what we call savagcrv, and a 

 group of gentes in what we call barbarism, and the bou<l of 

 organization is the marriage tie. 



A confederacy is a group of tribes organized foi- purposes 

 of off'ense and defense ; the bond by which they are held 

 together is tliat of artificial or conventional kinship, the tril)es 

 sometimes lieing considered as elder and younger brothers, or 

 fathers and sons, or uncles and nephews. 



The clan and the gens represent two inetliods of organizing 

 families into a liigher or larger grou|), l)ut gentile oi-ganization 

 replaces clan organization. A tribe is an organization of clans 

 or gentes. A confederacy is an organization of tril)es. A clan 

 or gens is composed of persons related bv consanguinity, 

 except in cases where individuals an- adoptt'd into families. 

 A tribe is composed of persons related b\- atHnir\-. A con- 

 federacy is composed of tribes of persons who by conven- 

 tion or treaty agree that the members of one tribe shall 

 address the members of another by some kinslii[) term. 



19 KTU— 01 IV 



