LXVI BUREAU OF AMKKICAN ETHNOLOGY 



and nestling- birds play in niiniic Higlit. This universal instinct 

 for play is exhibited in man through many years, in childhood 

 on well into adult life. Athletic s))orts are universal alike in 

 tribal and in national society. So sports of mimicr}' gradually 

 develop into sports of livalry. 



Is the pleasure of sports a property of the activity, or is it 

 a (quality which depends on the ])oint of view of the person 

 engaged as well as the looker on? It is within the experience 

 of every normal human being that these pleasures grow and 

 decay; but some are ephemeral and pass away in childhood, 

 others pass away in j'outh, and still others pass away in adult 

 age, while some undeveloped in childhood and scarcely de- 

 veloped in youth continue and grow in old age. Ap],)ealing 

 to history, we discover that ephemeral pleasures become more 

 ephemeral with advancing culture, while others become more 

 intense by demotic development. The antitheses of pleas- 

 ures, which are pains, pass through a like history in the indi- 

 vidual and in the race. In all this field of activital pleasures 

 it is discovered that they become intuitive by inherited expe- 

 rience, and that pleasures and pains alike are such from the 

 point of view. We are therefttre justified in affirming that 

 pleasures and pains are qualities derived from natural proper- 

 ties. 



This may be a stumbling'-block, and hence it requires more 

 elaborate consideration. I refer to the pain ])roduced in the 

 body by injury, as in cutting, tearing, concussion, compression, 

 pinching, the stresses and strains produced by inflammation, 

 the lesions of disease, and all the pains known as physical 

 discomforts. Is the pain in the tooth a quality or a property"? 

 Is pain in the head a quality or a property? Is the pain from 

 a bullet wound a quality or a j)roperty? We have already 

 seen that all otliei' })leasures and pains are derivative in the 

 indi^•idual and in the race, and appear from the point of view. 

 Is this true of physical pain? 



First, we must consider whetlier pain is an essential or a 

 relational element. 



Is pain, like pleasure, the product of judgment? Am I 

 conscious of a- pain, or do I infer it liy an liabitual judgment 

 when the signs of pain apjjcar in the body? Is the animal 



