ADMINISTKATIVE RKI'OKT LXXIX 



are devils, and tliis true jii>d understands and employs the 

 national language, and religious di'ania is n gesture speech 

 desijinied to instruct men in divine lore. This new element 

 appears in one form i'l the moiv liighK' de\cloped savag'i^ 

 society, in another I'orm in ])arbaric society, but in tvrnnnic 

 society it is fully fledged as ceremony. Tt is .shown in the 

 account which we have of the Pjleusinian m^•steries: it appears 

 also in the dramatic ])erformance ol mam' nations of I'hirope, 

 Asia, and Africa, where the drama l)ecomes an institution pro- 

 moted and regulated by the ruler, and drama is the ])rincij)al 

 system of worship in the national religion, while local worship 

 is restricted largely to tribal methods. This new element of 

 worship is deveh)})ed by transmuting the actual sacrifice into 

 ceremonial sacrifice. No longer are hecatombs slain; no 

 longer are wines jioured u|)on the ground; no longer are 

 cereals burned in the fire ; but a ceremony representing these 

 things is instituted and held to be sacred, and es])ecially effica- 

 cious, while pi'aise is not only terpsichorean as in savagery, 

 not only athletic as in barbarism, but it is ])ageantr\-. Thus, 

 in the tyrannic stage, we have ceremony. 



Toward the close of this stage religion and ilrama are par- 

 tially divorced, so that there is a drama more or less distinct 

 from religion. 



Histrionic art — We have n( >\x to consider drama as an esthetic 

 art in the fourth stage of culture. This stage is broug-ht about, 

 as a revolution in society, fundamentall}' through the agencies 

 of science ; not that there is no science anterior to this stage 

 of culture, but that it has not attained that potency necessar\' 

 to the transmutation. Science is only simple knowledge, 

 which is but a verified inference, and in all ages men have 

 known something. A few simple facts known in savagery 

 become germs that deA^elo]) and nuiltiply through the centuries, 

 until science becomes a controlling element in civilization. 



The time of science is marked by events, but the time of 

 science as a stage of culture may be considered as beginning 

 with the discovery of the new world and the invention of print- 

 ing, together with scientific principles that had been developed 

 uj) to that time. Research is born of the love of truth, and the 



