XC BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



may pervade space like an ai-oiua, or itself be wholly spaceless 

 and hence formless. It may occupy any point of time present, 

 past, or future, for it is timeless; hence it is the ghost of mem- 

 ory and prophecy. But the body is now gross matter — dead 

 and subject to the manipulations of alchemy. With the devel- 

 opment of personification and differentiation in theory between 

 ghost and body there comes a development of similitude into 

 something else; this we must now set forth. 



The similitude is now elaborated into the foundation of au' 

 allegory upon which is erected an edifice of doctrine; or, if 

 you will allow another illustration, the similitude becomes a 

 war}) into Avhich a woof is woven with patterns which consti- 

 tute u tapestry of doctrine. 



I know of no better way of setting forth the nature of 

 allegory than by directing the attention of the reader to Spen- 

 ser's Faerie Queene, in which he will find an alleg'ory of alle- 

 gories — a grand allegory made up of many adjuvant allegories. 

 Six books of one allegory are com])Osed, every one, of twelve 

 allegories. The principal characters of the grand allegory are 

 personified (jualities. In the first book holiness is personified 

 as "'St John the Red Crosse Knight;" in the second book 

 temperance is personified as Sir Guyon; in the third book 

 chastity is personified as Britomartis; in tlie fourth book friend- 

 ship is personified in Cambel and Triamond; in the fifth book 

 justice is personified in Artegall; in the sixth book courtesy is 

 personified in Calidore ; and throughout the poems many other 

 qualities of good and evil are personified. , These personifica- 

 tions are the heroes of a succession of necromantic tales 

 relieved by many wild adventures. 



The literature of romance and poetry alike which belongs 

 to this stage of culture is very abundant, and I need but 

 mention another instance or two to make it clear to the reader. 

 Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, Dante's Divine Comedy, and 

 Milton's Paradise Lost are excellent examples. 



Trope — In the fourth stage of culture chemistry has sup- 

 planted alchemy, medicine has supplanted sorcery, astronomy 

 has supplanted astrology, and science has supplanted cosmol- 

 ogy. All kinds of personifications appear, but in a new light 



