XCII BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



peoples expanded prematurely into a degree of culture more 

 than two tliousanil years ago, in classical times. The political 

 institutions which they developed at that time, because they 

 contained an element of hereditary rank and especially an ele- 

 ment of slaverv, did not furnish an enduring foundntion to tlie 

 highest culture of the age. Historj' now proves that many of 

 the elements of culture to which classical times had attained as 

 a blossom of fine arts were not sufficient!}' rooted in a soil 

 of free institutions. That classical culture might firmly be 

 founded, a greater liberty had yet to be given to men, and that 

 there might be greater liberty there yet liad to be greater sci- 

 entific knowledge. So the superstitions of the dark ages con- 

 stituted but a cloud under which mankind labored whih' it laid 

 the foundations of representative government. 



We need not review the history of poetry to show how its 

 elements have been developed; manifestly all that is good or 

 bad is derivative; all of the esthetic arts are found to be 

 derivative. 



Pleasures and pains arise from judgments, and do not arise 

 from consciousness but from inference. AH of the phenomena 

 of pleasure and pain arise in the mind tlu'ough the point of 

 view. They are therefore qualities and not properties. All 

 matter is not endowed with mind, but all matter is endowed 

 with consciousness. The i-elative element is choice, which 

 becomes inference in the formation of judgments. There can 

 be no mind luitil there are organs of mind. Until this condition 

 arises in the development of animate life there is no mind, but 

 when it does arise this mind makes judgments. As the judg- 

 ments are inferences only, until they are verified, there is no 

 cognition until there is verification, and the cognition of pleas- 

 ure or pain is reached only by inference and verification. This 

 is what we have intended to express by saying that pleasure 

 and pain are derivative. 



