.M KiNEY] INTKRMARRIAOK WITH WHITES 83 



the others retoi-ted that these thiiius had Ix'cii otlVred to all alike at 

 the .same time, but while the lowland pt^opie had Ix-en (|ui('k to accept, 

 the mountaineers had hung bai-k. "Those who complain came in late. 

 We have got the start of them, which W(> are detei'niined to keep." 

 The pi-ogressives, under John Watts, Doublehead, and \N' ill, threatened 

 to secede from the rest and leave those east of Chilhowee mountain to 

 siiift for themselves.^ We see here the germ of dissatisfaction which 

 led ultimately to the emigration of the western band. Along with 

 other things of civilization, negro slavery had been introduced and 

 several of the leading men were now slaveholders (31). 



Much of the advance in civilization had been due to the intermar- 

 riage among them of white men. chiefly traders of the ante-Revolu- 

 tionary period, with a few Americans from the back settlements. The 

 families that have made Cherokee history were nearly all of this mixed 

 descent. The Doughertys, Galpins, and Adairs were from Ireland: the 

 Rosses, Vanns, and Mclntoshes, like the McCiillivrays and Graysons 

 among the Creeks, were of Scottish origin; the Waffords and others 

 were Americans from Carolina or Georgia, and the father of Sequo3'a 

 was a (Pennsylvania^) German. Most of this white blood was of good 

 stock, very diti'erent from the "squaw man" element of the western 

 tril)es. Those of the mixed blood who coidd aliord it usually sent their 

 hildren away to be educated, while some built schoolhouses upon 

 tiieir own grounds and brought in private teachers from the outside. 

 With the beginning of the present century we tind influential mixed 

 bloods in almost every town, and the civilized idea dominated even the 

 national councils. The ]Middlc towns, shut in from the outside world 

 by high mountains, remained a stronghold of Cherokee conservatism. 



With the exception of Priber, there seems to be no authentic record 

 of any missionary worker among the Cherokee before 1800. There is, 

 indeed, an incidental notice of a Presbyterian minister of North Caro- 

 lina being on his way to the tribe in 1758, but nothing seems to have 

 come of it, and we tind him soon after in South Carolina and sc|)arated 

 from his oi-iginal jurisdiction.'' The first permanent mission was estab- 

 lished by the Moravians, those peaceful German immigrants whose 

 teachings were so well exemplified in the lives of Zeisberger and 

 Heckewelder. As early as 1784, while temporarily settled in (ieoi'gia, 

 they had striven to bring some knowledge of the Christian religion to 

 the Indians immediately about Savaiuiah, including ju'rhajis some 

 stray Chei'okee. Later on they estai)lislu'd missions among the Dela- 

 wares in Ohio, where their first Cherokee conveit was received in 

 1778, being 0!ie who had been ca])tui-ed by the Delawarcs wiien a 

 boy and had grown up and married in the tribe. In 175-2 they had 

 formed a settlement on the upper Yadkin, near the present Salem, 



' Uawkiii!<. Treuty Commission, IHOI, maiuisc'ript Xo. 5, mi library of Georgia Historical Society, 

 ■-Footc (?), ill Xorlli Carolina Colonial Records, v, p. 1T16, 1.SS7. 



C 



