MooNEYl WAYNES VICTORY 213 



fii!l-l)loofl.«. The "seven clans" are frequently mentioned in the pacred formulas, 

 and even in some of the tribal laws promul^ateii within the century. There is evi- 

 dence that originally there were fourteen, which by extinction or absorption have 

 been reduced to seven; thus, the ancient Turtle-dove and Raven clans now constitute 

 a single Bird clan. The subject will be discu.ssed more fully in a future Cherokee 

 paper. 



(30) Wayne's victory, 1794 (p. 78): After the successive failures of Harmar and 

 St Olair in their efforts against the Ohio tribes the ehief command was assigned, in 

 1793, to Major-General Anthony Wayne, who had already distinguished himself by 

 his fighting qualities during the Revolution. Having built Fort Recovery on the 

 site of St Clair's defeat, he made that post his headquarters through the winter 

 of 179.3-94. In the summer of 1794 he advanced down the ^Maumee with an anny 

 of 3,000 men, two-thirds of whom were regulars. On August 20 be encountered the 

 confederated Indian forces near the head of the ]Maumee rajiids at a point known as 

 the Fallen Timbers and defeated them with great slaughter, the pursuit being fol- 

 lowed up by the cavalry until the Indians took refuge under the guns of the 

 British garrison at Fort Miami, just below the rapids. His own loss was only 33 

 killed and 100 wounded, of whom 11 afterward died of their wounds. The loss of the 

 Indians and their white auxiliaries was believed to be more than double this. The 

 Indian force was supposed to number 2,000, while, on account of the impetuosity of 

 Wayne's charge, the nundjer of his troops actually engaged did not exceed 900. On 

 account of this defeat and the sulisequent devastation of their towns and fields l)y 

 the victori(ius army the Indians were comjielled to sue for peace, which was granted 

 by the treaty concluded at (ireenville, Ohio, August 3, 179.5, by which the tribes 

 represented ceded away nearly their whole territory in Ohio. Aulhoritieg; Wayne's 

 report and related documents, 1794, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, i, 1832; 

 Drake, Indians, 571-577, 1880 ; Greenville treaty, in Indian Treaties, 1837 ; Applet<jn's 

 Cyclopsedia of American Biography. 



(31) FinsT THINGS OF civii.iz.\Tiox (p. 83): We usually find that the lirst things 

 adopted by the Indian from his white neighbor are improved weapons and cutting 

 tools, with trinkets and articles of per.'Jonal adornment. After a regular trade has 

 been established certain traders marry Indian wives, and, taking up tlieir permanent 

 residence in the Indian country, engage in farming and stock raising according to 

 civilized methods, thus, even without intention, constituting themselves in<lustrial 

 teachers for the tribe. 



From data furnished by Haywood, guns appear to have been lirst introdu<ed 

 among the Cherokee about the year 1700 or 1710, although he himself jiuts the date 

 much earlier. Horses were probably not owned in any great nund)er before the 

 marking out of the horse-path for trailers from Augusta about 1740. The Cherokee, 

 however, took kindly to the animal, and before the beginning of the war of 17(50 

 had a ''prodigious numlter." In spite of their great losses at that time they had so 

 far recovered in 1775 that almost every man then had from two to a dozen (Adair, 

 p. 2.31). In the border wars following the Revolution companies of hundreds of 

 mounted Cherokee and Creeks sometimes invaded the settlements. The cow is 

 called wa'kd by the Cherokee and witga by the Creeks, indicating that their first 

 knowledge of it came through the Spaniards. Nuttall states that it was lirst intro- 

 duced among the Cherokee by the celebrated Xancy Ward (Travels, p. 130). It was 

 not in such favor as the horse, being valuable c-hieHy for food, of which at that time 

 there was an aliundaut sup[>ly from the wild game. A potent rea.son for its avoid- 

 ance was the Indian belief that the eating of the flesh of a slow-moving animal breeds 

 a corresponding sluggishne.^s in the eater. The same argument applied even more 

 strongly to the hog, and to this day a few of the old conservatives among the East 

 Cherokee will have nothing to do with beef, pork, milk, or butter. Nevertheless, 

 Bartram tells of a trader in the Cherokee countrv as earlv as 1775 who had a stock 



