158 Mr. R. Meldola on Evolution. 
conceivable that a general resemblance to a protected group 
might in some districts be quite as efficacious as a resem- 
blance to particular species of such a group. 
As another instance bearing on the present subject I may 
cite Argynnis niphe, the female of which is a very fair mimic 
of Danais chrysippus. The former species (var. ¢nconstans) 
ranges into Australia, while the Danazs does not occur in that 
region ; and what makes this case so particularly interesting is, 
that in Australia, where there is no model, both sexes of the 
Argynnis are alike, and resemble the male cf the Indian form. 
The degree of exactness with which mimics sometimes 
resemble their models has been noticed by all observers; but 
there are only a few recorded cases where the insects them- 
selves have been known to be deceived. Mr. Trimen states * 
that the male Danais chrysippus has been deceived by the 
female Diadema bolina. Fritz Miller writes :—“ One of the 
most interesting of our mimicking butterflies is Leptalis melite. 
The female alone of this species imitates one of our common 
white Preride, which she eopies so well that even her own 
male is often deceived; for I have repeatedly seen the male 
pursuing the mimicked species, till, after closely approaching 
and becoming aware of his error, he suddenly returned.” 
Correlation of Habit with Protective Resemblance. 
Mr. Bates has already recorded the resemblance of a cater- 
pillar (supposed to be a species of Notodontide) to a venomous 
snake ¢; and Dr. Weismann has likewise shown} that the 
eye-like markings on Chewrocampa-larve actually frightened 
away birds. Fritz Miiller states that he “found the cater- 
pillar of a Papilio which strikingly resembled the head of a 
venomous snake.” 
By referring to Mr. Bates’s description it will be seen 
that the mimicry extended even to attitude. All observers 
have noticed how in some instances a mimicking insect 
copies the flight of its model; and such cases of correspon- 
dence between habit and resemblance are of great theoretical 
interest to the evolutionist. Thus Mr. Wallace has shown, 
in the case of the well-known “leaf-butterflies ” (Kallima), 
how the insects settle on the bushes in an attitude which 
perfects their resemblance to dead leaves. The same ob- 
server also mentions, with respect to the stick-like Phasmide, 
* Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxvi. p. 518. 
t Ibid. vol. xxiii. p. 509. 
t ‘Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie,’ part 1i. pp. 100 et seg. This ob- 
servation has been confirmed in the case of C. elpenor by Lady Verney 
(see a paper in ‘Good Words,’ Dec. 1877, p. 838). 
