266 Rev. A. M. Norman on the Genus Haliphysema. 
I. History of the Genus Haliphysema. 
In the year 1862 Dr. Bowerbank first characterized the 
genus Haliphysema, in the third part of his memoirs “ On the 
Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiade,”’ published in 
the ‘ Philosophical Transactions.’ The characters given were 
as follows :— 
‘Sponge consisting of a hollow basal mass, from which 
emanates a single cloacal fistula. Skeleton: spicula of the 
base disposed irregularly ; spicula of the fistula disposed prin- 
cipally in lines parallel to the long axis of the sponge, with- 
out fasciculation.” 
The type species was H. Tumanowiczit, Bow., figured 
pl. Ixxii. fig. 8. The author stated that he was unable to 
detect either oscula or pores, but held that the general struc- 
ture of the organism showed relationship to Alcyoncellum and 
Polymastia. In the first volume of the ‘Monograph of the 
British Spongiade,’ the above-mentioned figure and descrip- 
tion were reproduced ; and there can be no question that up to 
the year 1865 Dr. Bowerbank held that the spicules incorpo- 
rated in the structure of Haliphysema were the secretion of 
the animal, and not the product of other sponges selected by 
Haliphysema and built into its walls. It was in this year 
that I discovered in Guernsey a second species of the genus, H. 
ramulosum, and, sending it to Dr. Bowerbank for examina- 
tion, called his attention to the masonic properties of the 
animal. In his second volume (1866), in describing H. ra- 
mulosum, he fully recognized “‘ the selection and incorporation 
of the extraneous material of the skeleton,” and, in his account 
of H. Tumanowiczit, described the pedicel and head as having 
“an incorporation of fragments of spicula of various sizes 
and forms and of minute grains of sand.” 
It seems extraordinary that after this, in one of his very 
last papers, Bowerbank should have described a sponge as 
belonging to this genus, of which he states that there are “ no 
adventitious substances incorporated in the skeleton, as in the 
other two species, and all its spicula are undoubtedly secreted 
by itself ””—a statement which seems fully borne out by his 
description and figures, and which renders it impossible that 
Haliphysema tubulatum* should be retained in the genus to 
which it was assigned by its describer: 
* Bowerbank, “ Report on a Collection of Sponges found at Ceylon 
by E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq.,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 29, pl. vii. 
figs. 1-6. H. tubulatum appears to be a remarkable sponge, consisting of 
an agglomeration of very numerous elongated tubuli without terminal 
openings, closely appressed together and forming a mass nearly 3 inches 
long by 2 wide. The cylindrical tubuli, when separated from each 
