Rev. A. M. Norman on the Genus Haliphysema. 267 
In 1868 Mr. Parfitt* described with accuracy the structure 
of the base or dome-shaped bulb by which the type species 
is attached to the seaweed or Hydrozoon on which it lives. 
This bulb, when carefully opened, Mr. Parfitt stated, has 
“ five, six, or even seven radii, like the spokes of a wheel.” 
We now come to the observations of Mr. Carter, who, in 
1870, having met with Haliphysema Tumanowiczit at Bud- 
leigh-Salterton, accurately described the test with its incorpo- 
ration and garnishing of extraneous objects, consisting chiefly 
of sand-grains and both siliceous and calcareous spicules 
belonging to various species of sponges, which Haliphysema, 
by some wonderful collective and selective power, gathers 
together, and, clever builder as it is, appropriates and uses 
either for the purpose of strengthening its test or as weapons 
of defence, inserting them, in the latter case, into the walls of 
its dwelling, like pins stuck into a pin-cushion. Next Mr. 
Carter entered into a minute description of the chambered 
character of the discoidal base, thus confirming Mr. Parfitt’s 
observation, of which, however, he does not seem to have been 
aware. Mr. Carter expected to find pseudopodia issuing from 
the minute rounded orifice which is situated at the distal end 
and immersed among the brush of terminal appropriated 
spicules; but he did not succeed in detecting them. Arguing, 
however, chiefly from the pseudo-septate structure of the 
adherent bulb-disk, he gave it as his opinion that Bower- 
bank’s so-called sponge was no sponge at all, but a Foramini- 
fer, which he assigned to Schultze’s genus Squamulina, and 
called Squamulina scopula. 
In the next number of the ‘Annals’ Mr. Carter made a 
few observations upon Haliphysema ramulosum, a spectmen of 
which he had examined in the British Museum}. These 
specimens were sent to the Museum by Prof. Oscar Schmidt, 
having been collected by Count Pourtales on the coast of 
Florida. 
Four months later Mr. Carter was fortunate enough to meet 
with H. ramulosum (or, as he calls it, a “branched form of 
other, are found to have their surface bristling with numerous acuate 
spicula, some of which are subflecto-attenuate and incipiently spinous, 
while other spicula, used for defence and as skeleton-spicula, are large 
flecto-attenuate-acuate and smooth. The latter spicula are of great size 
as compared with the diameter of the tubuli. Tubuli apparently devoid 
both of oscula and of pores. The sarcode is blood-red. I know of no 
genus into which this Ceylon sponge can fall, and will propose for it the 
name Avulospongus (aidAds and oméyyos); and the species will become 
Aulospongus tubulatus (Bow.). 
* Trans. Devon Assoc. Sci. Literat. and Art, p. 14 (separate copy). 
+ Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. y. (1870) p. 389. 
rS* 
