270 ~=Rev. A. M. Norman on the Genus Haliphysema. 
cally the fragments will take the form of Ameba and walk 
about, and that if the endodermal cells, which so closely re- 
semble (if they be not actually) flagellate Infusoria, be libe- 
rated artificially they also will assume amceboid shape and 
motions. Mr. Kent, again, says that he has frequently 
observed ‘‘the- withdrawal by the adult individual collar- 
bearing monad of the characteristic hyaline collar and the 
extension of pseudopodic processes,’ andis of opinion “ that 
in a true sponge, agreeing in all structural details with the 
simple Haliphysemata, we should expect to find the sarcode or 
syncytial element protruded in such a fashion for the seizing 
of the fragmentary foreign particles out of which it builds up 
instead of secreting, as do ordinary sponges, a protective and 
supporting framework.” Just so. The supposition of such 
protrusion is the only possible way of accounting for the 
wonderful building-feats of this creature. Where is the hand 
to be found to select, to grasp, to convey, and to arrange the 
spicula and sand-grains built into the walls, unless it be in 
the extension, flexibility, and retraction of extrusive portions 
of the sarcode or syncytium ? Is such motion compatible with 
sponge-structure ? and have we any thing like it in a univer- 
sally acknowledged sponge which can serve as a precedent ? 
The genus Dysidea or Spongelia affords an almost exact 
parallel, save that in that instance the extraneous material is 
taken into the interior of the organic parts instead of being 
built into their outer wall; or, in other words, it is used to 
form an internal skeleton instead of to furnish a dermal crust. 
The grains of sand which occupy the areno-fibrous structure 
of Dysidea must have been grasped, and placed in the position 
in which they are ultimately enclosed by the investing mate- 
rial, by a process similar to that employed in the case of 
Haliphysema ; and sarcodic extension 1s the only grasping- 
instrument which we can conceive possible in animals pre- 
senting the organization of these genera. 
I maintain, therefore, that the presence of pseudopodial 
action is not inconsistent with the position of Haliphysema 
among the sponges; and although such action has not yet 
been seen to take place from the body of the uninjured animal, 
we may pretty safely predict that it will hereafter be found 
to exist. 
We now come to Prof. Haeckel’s memoir, in which he has 
described and figured the presence of flagellate epithelium 
with its flagellate cells (Getsselzellen) as he calls them, or 
“collar-bearing monads”’ according to the views of those 
who differ from him. Presuming these observations to be 
substantiated, the theory that Haliphysema is a Foraminifer 
