276 ~=Rev. A. M. Norman on the Genus Haliphysema. 
1870. Halyphysema ramulosa, Carter, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, 
vol. v. p. 389. Sguamulina scopula, var. ramulosa, id. ibid, vol. vi. 
p. 345. 
1877. Haliphysema ramulosum, Haeckel, Biologische Studien, p. 195. 
Hab. Dredged off Guernsey on Gorgonia verrucosa, and in 
Birterbuy Bay, Ireland, on Phyllophora rubens (A. M. N.) ; 
among sponges and on rocks between tide-marks, Budleigh- 
Salterton, Devon (Carter); off the coast of Florida, U. 8., 
dredged by Pourtales, fide Schmidt (Carter). 
I regard this as entirely distinct from H. Tumanowicztt ; 
indeed the differences are so important that it is probable 
they will hereafter be regarded as generic. 
In H. Tumanowiczti, with the development of the animal, 
a series of incompletely separated chambers is formed by 
greater or less transverse constrictions of the test. 
In H. ramulosum, with the development of the animal, a 
series of completely separated chambers is formed by longitu- 
dinal fission and entire partition of the last-formed chamber ; 
and this process, continually repeated, issues in the building 
up of a colony consisting of a many-branched head sur- 
mounting a long pedicel, the branches dichotomously divided 
with great regularity, and each terminating in a rather small 
rounded chamber. 
A single head of either, however, may be distinguished at 
a glance, apart from the mode of growth; or they may again 
be separated in the early stages when only a single chamber 
is developed, since in H. Tumanowiczii that chamber is more 
or less elongate-ovate, and has the points of its garnishing 
spicula all directed forwards ; but in H. ramulosum it is round 
or subrotund, and has its garnishing spicula radiating in every 
direction. 
In 1874 I procured in Birterbuy Bay a piece of Phyllophora 
rubens covered with the young of this species in their early 
unbranched condition with only a single head; from their 
young state they were very fragile, and the greater num- 
ber in drying separated from their bases. But the Phyllo- 
phora was sent for Dr. Bowerbank to see; and among his un- 
published manuscript I find the following note :—‘‘ Among 
the specimens I received from the Rev. A. M. Norman for 
examination there was a portion of a thin foliaceous Fucus, 
rather exceeding two inches in length and three in width, 
both surfaces of which were nearly covered by small patches 
of various species of Lepralia, small shells, and other para- 
sites ; and amid these, based on the Fucus, there were nume- 
rous young specimens of [Halyphysema ramulosa. ‘They con- 
sisted of single tubes of the sponge, very rarely exhibiting 
