45 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS | [ETH. Ann. 24 
parent that the implements represent the bows of the War Gods, 
caused me to reexamine the stick dice, with the result that I am 
inclined to believe that many of them are to be indentified with bows 
rather than with arrows. At any rate, whether as arrows or bows, 
the four dice are to be referred 
tothe War Gods. It will be seen 
that the counting circuit agrees 
with the gaming wheel, which 
yi a0 in some instances is notched at 
its four quarters in agreement 
Fia.7. Bone dice; length, }} to }3 inch; Tanner 
with the dice marks. 
The wide distribution and 
springs, Arizona; cat. no. 22770, Free Museum Tange of variations in the dice 
Pave eee and Art, University of Pennsyl- games point to their high antiq- 
wity, of which objective evi- 
dence is afforded in the prehistoric stick die (figure 6) from the cliff- 
ruins of Colorado. Similar evidence exists in the pottery bowls (fig- 
ures 197-199) decorated with representations of gaming sticks, with 
their peculiar markings, from prehistoric Hopi graves in Arizona. 
Small bone dice are found in the prehistoric graves 
and ruins of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Seven doulas 
such dice in the Free Museum of Science and Art of the es 
University of Pennsylvania (cat. no. 22770), collected 
by Henry Dodge at Tanner springs, Arizona, are len- 
ticular in form and from eleven-sixteenths to fifteen- 
sixteenths inch in length. The flat sides are marked— 
five with fine diamonds formed of cross lines, and two 
with straight transverse lines, as shown in figure 7. 
Four are plain, and three have transverse bands on 
the rounded side. Four of them have also traces of 
blue and three of red paint. There are several such 
dice in the American Museum of Natural History. 
Eight from pueblo Penasca Blanca, Chaco canyon, 
Nes Mexico, are similar to those above described. 
With them are a similar object of limonite, two small 
circular bone disks, and three small rectangular pieces -y,, 5 4. », «. 
of thin bone, which also appear to have been used as dice. Cane and wood 
From Grand Gulch, Utah, in the same museum, are aie © pares 
three similar lenticular bone dice, plain on their flat Grand Gulch, 
side, and two somewhat smaller ones with the flat side ves noe 
inscribed with four transverse lines. With them are Natural His- 
four small bone disks, the flat sides of which show ‘** 
grooves, the natural cavities of the bone, and one somewhat smaller 
that is marked on the flat side with a cross. 
From Grand Gulch also, in the same museum, are a number of 
