CULIN] DICE GAMES: HUPA 91 
The counts are as follows: Three round sides up counts 10; three flat sides 
up, 5; two round sides up and one flat, 2; one round side up and two flat, 3. 
A throw of 10 gives another throw. Each side has two sticks which are used 
to mark the count. The two sides count from opposite directions. 
Waite Mountatn Aracue. Fort Apache, Arizona. (Cat. no. 84465, 
Field Columbian Museum.) 
Thirteen wooden dice (figure 90), 12 inches in length, flat on one side 
and rounded on the other, all painted black on the flat side, while 
three have reddish brown and ten white backs. 
Collected in 1903 by Mr Charles L. Owen, who gives the following 
account of the game, which is played only by warriors: 
It is called da’ka-nadagiza, or da’kA gustsé’gi. Thirteen, or, according to 
another informant, fourteen dice are 
used. Two or four players partici- 
pate. The highest possible throw is 
20 points. The dice are shaken in a 
flat basket, or tsa. The ground, hay- 
ing been hollowed out, is lined with 
bear grass covered over with a buck- 
skin or blanket. This is to give elas- 
ticity and recoil to dice when the 
basket is struck sharply. The mode 
Fia. 90. Wooden dice; length, 1! inches; White of shaking dice is to strike the basket, 
Mountain Apache Indians, Arizona; cat.no. which is firmly grasped at two oppo- 
84465, Field Columbian Museum. 
site sides, down upon the elastic play- 
ground, the dice thereby being tossed upward and shaken over well. 
The counts are as follows: Ta-ilqgai, three white backs, ten black faces, counts 
12; itcidénkagi, three red backs, ten black faces, —; nilt6hi, one red back; 
twelve black faces, 10; éctlai -ilqgai, five white backs, eight black faces, —: 
gistséd-ilqgai or dsilqga, seven white backs, six black faces, —; ba -istina, three 
red backs, ten white backs, 20; béitcihii, — red backs, — white backs, 16; éndai, 
three black faces, ten white backs, —; docii, three red backs, three white backs. 
seven black faces, —; niki-nidi¢la, two red backs, ten white backs, one black 
face, 5. 
Hora. Hupa_ valley, 
California. 
(Free Museum 
of Science and 
Art, Univer- 
sity of Penn- 
sylvania.) 
Cat. no. 37199. Four Fic. 91. Shell dice; diameters, } to 1} inches; Hupa Indians, 
d isks of mussel California; cat. no. 37199, 37200, Free Museum of Science 
< and Art, University of Pennsylvania. 
shell (figure 91a), 
two alike, three-fourths of an inch, and two alike, seven-eighths 
of an inch in diameter. One side is dull and slightly concave, 
and the other bright and convex. 
Cat. no. 37200. Four disks of abalone shell (figure 916), similar to 
