528 GAMES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS [ern ann. 24 
matter of convenience, for the American game, although rings are 
among the objects least frequently used. In poit of fact, the targets 
are of the greatest possible variety, both in form and material, rang- 
ing from a single hide ring among the Tewa (Hano) to strings of 
imbricated phalangeal bones (Algonquian, Athapascan, and Siouan 
tribes), salmon bones (Hupa, Pomo, Umatilla, Shasta), pumpkin 
rinds (Pima, Mohave), and, finally, to single objects perforated with 
holes, such as the skulls of small rodents (Eskimo, 
Paiute), bone copies thereof (Eskimo), seal bones 
(Eskimo, Clayoquot, Kwakiutl, Makah), or balls 
of tule (Kamath, Thompson Indians, Paiute) and 
‘bundles of pine twigs (Micmac, Passamaquoddy, 
Penobscot) and moose hair (Penobscot). When 
we examine the games played with strings of 
phalangeal bones, from among the northern range 
of tribes (Algonquian, Athapascan, and Siouan), 
the most numerously represented in our present 
collection, we discover that the number of bones is 
not constant, varying from three to nine, and that 
not infrequently they are pierced with transverse 
holes and numbered by means of notches from the 
bones nearest the pin end. These notches deter- 
mine the count. 
A pretty constant feature of this game is a flap 
of buckskin or other material attached to the ex- 
treme end of the string. This flap is perforated 
with holes which vary in number, and usually has 
a large hole in the center. In the Cree game (fig- 
ure 705) there is the flap alone, a disk of stiff buck- 
skin with twenty-three holes, the direct analogue 
of the netted hoop. In the Siouan games the flap 
te is replaced with strings of glass beads, which count 
Fic. 694, Stick and : c 
ringlength of stick, according to the number caught. The buckskin 
24 inches; shrineof — survives ina vestigial form in the Winnebago game 
Little Fire society, = 7 : E < 
Zuni, New Mexico. (figure 740), as a piece of ribbon in that of the 
cat. no. 4909, Brook- Sauk and Foxes (figure 713), and again as a tuft 
lyn Institute Muse- sts = 5 
ey of hair in the Umatilla salmon-bone game (figure 
731). The buckskin disk survives also as the prin- 
cipal feature of the cedar-bough game of the Passamaquoddy. The 
Eskimo game, played with a small netted hoop (figure 617), which I 
have included among the games of hoop and pole, occupies a position 
midway between the hoop game proper and the ring-and-pin games. 
The strings of salmon bone are directly analogous to the phalangeal 
bones, the same being true of the Pima and Mohave disks of pumpkin 
rind, In general, the material of the target depends upon the culture. 
