CULIN] BALL RACE: ZUNI 695 
these betting races. One of the fleetest as well as most enthusiastic runners of 
the present time is the k6mosona (director-general) of the kiwitsiwe. 
There are many informal games of tikwané in which young men hurriedly 
gather for sport, and sometimes a considerable stake is raised. One race ob- 
served by the writer, in which great enthusiasm was exhibited, began at 5 
o’clock in the afternoon, the parties returning after 7. There were three racers 
on a side, the k6mosona being one, but he lost on this occasion. 
While there is much betting and considerable interest is manifested in these 
informal races, there is no ceremony associated with them. Each runner bets on 
his side. Outside parties bet one with another, one holding the stakes; or more 
frequently, a third party has charge of the stakes, which are heaped in the 
large plaza. Sometimes the articles are afterward carried to the kiwitsina to 
which the successful party belongs, while again they pass to the winner in the 
plaza, he, in turn, dividing the profits among the runners of his side. While 
much interest prevails at the informal races, and great enjoyment is derived 
from them, the excitement is as nothing compared with that of the more formal 
affairs. 
It is interesting to see the very young boys in their foot races and to observe 
how closely they follow their elders in the rules governing the stakes. Wagers 
are always made, as the races would be of little interest to the younger boys 
without the element of chance associated with them. 
Beginning at so early an age, there is no wonder that these people develop 
into the swiftest of runners. The writer has never known the Zuni to lose a 
foot-race with other Indians, nor with the champion runners of the troops at 
Fort Wingate, who sometimes enter into races with them. It is quite common 
for the Zuni and Navaho to race. Though these races are always informal, 
the stakes are often large, and the Navaho leave their precious beads, silver 
belts, bridles, and valuable blankets behind them when they depart for the 
pueblo. Their love for gambling prevents them from learning lessons from sad 
experiences. 
Zoxt. Zuni, New Mexico. (Cat. no. 4994, Brooklyn Institute Mu- 
seum. ) 
Fifteen sticks (figure 912), 4} inches in length, pieces of sapling 
with the bark on, this being cut with distinguishing marks. 
Collected by the writer in 1904. 
These are special kicking sticks used in the clan races in the spring. 
At the sacred foot races at this season the estufas first compete, and 
four days afterward the clans. Each clan has its own stick, tikwawe, 
which is cut with a mark to distinguish it. Each clan is represented 
in this race by as many men as possible. 
Zuni, New Mexico. (Brooklyn Institute Museum.) 
Cat. no. 3056. Water-worn pebble (figure 913), 34 inches in length, 
which has been used as a pestle in a paint mortar. 
It was collected in 1903 by the writer, to whom it was described as 
a kicking stone, atikwannai, originally used in racing, like the kick- 
ing stick. 
Cat. no. 3064. Ring of twig (figure 914), wrapped with white cotton 
cord, 3 inches in diameter: and slender wooden rod (figure 915), 
274 inches in length. with a kind of knob at the end. 
