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4, In the next place, let the canon, as laid down by Mr. 
Darwin, be applied to the production of Class Mammalia. 
If the hypothesis of Evolution be true, then mammals were 
evolved from birds or reptiles. If so, then some primitive 
oviparous creature placed in its egg the germ of the following 
additions to, and alterations of structure :— 
First, as to the Main Characteristic of the Sub-Kingdom,— 
the possession of the mammary glands. Now, as nothing like 
these exist in the three classes of the oviparous vertebrata,— 
Pices, Reptilia, Aves,—‘‘natural selection” was,on Mr. Darwin’s 
own showing, impotent to produce them, as there was nothing 
upon which “ natural selection”? could act. That an animal 
without milk, and without care for its offspring, should of its 
own accord acquire milk and be attached to its young, is 
“unthinkable.” Whence, then, this special organ? Hither 
it created itself, or the bird involved it in its egg, or it was 
designed by Intelligence. We hold the last to be the true 
solution. 
Second, as to the Changes in Structure—How came the two 
condyles of mammals to take the place of the single one in 
birds and reptiles? Why should the “Os quadratum” be 
obliterated? Why should the thorax and abdomen be 
separated by the diaphragm? ‘To these questions ‘ natural 
selection ’”? can supply no answer. 
Again—and this is, perhaps, the most remarkable point,— 
why should the aorta turn over the left bronchus, and not 
over the right, as it does in birds? Why should the red 
corpuscles become non-nucleated and change their form,—the 
oval to circular bi-concave discs? As far as is known, the 
office of the blood corpuscles in birds is the same as in 
mammals; there could, therefore, be no necessity for any 
change of form. Yet the doctrine of natural selection requires 
that all changes in the form and character of any organ must 
result in the advantage of the individual. Now, as there 
could not be any advantage by the change of form, if it was 
effected by natural selection, it was a purposeless change. 
While on the subject of the blood character of mammals, it 
will be well to give a few facts concerning the circulatory fluid 
of the various classes of vertebrate animals, which tend to prove 
that one class was not transmuted into another. 
1. The blood of reptiles has corpuscles remarkable for their 
relative size, and “the size,” says Professor Owen, “ increases 
in the ratio of the persistence of the branchial organs.” ‘Those 
of the siren can be discerned by the naked eye, and are 
considerably larger than those in the human blood. 
2. The red corpuscles of the amphibia are the largest 
