201 
deals I obtained the specimen just described. On its under 
side the form of the deals was well defined ; on the upper 
side the ee best developed where the stream was 
most active.’ ; 
In accordance with the above rate of deposit,—namely, 
# inch in fifteen years,—9d mens would require L100 years. 
M. Pengelly’s rate would require 220,800,—4 feet 2 inches in 
1,000 years, and 41 feet 8 inches in 10,000 years. 
Thus, then, it will be seen that the premises laid down by 
Mr. Pengelly and others are so, unreliable, and hence the 
conclusions drawn are equally unreliable, We think we are 
right when we say that the estimate formed of the age of man 
by the time taken to lay down the cave deposits is very mis- 
leading, and that over the assertion that man has existed 
on this earth for untold thousands of years must be written 
“unproven.” 
It is now time to pass to the consideration of the second 
part of our subject, namely, What was the condition of 
primeval man? If he was an improved ape, then, of course, 
he must have been an untutored savage. But, if he was a 
separate creation, then he could have commenced his career 
as an intelligent being, possessed of a certain amount of 
knowledge, and with faculties and powers capable of adding 
to that knowledge. A child, it may be, when compared with 
man of to-day, but a human child for all that, and not an im- 
proved monkey. 
If man started on his journey as a modified ape, then the 
nearer we can get to his starting-point the clearer ought to 
be the evidence of his apish condition. Is it so? In order 
to answer this question, let us look at some of the relics which 
the so-calied pre-historic man left behind him. On the suppo- 
sition that the relics of what has been termed the ‘‘ Stone 
_ Age” are the most ancient, then in the knives, spear-heads, 
hammers, &c., we have traces of art. 
But does the possession of stone implements by a people 
prove that they are emerging out of a state of apish savagery ? 
Stone implements are still used by some of the native tribes 
of America, and there can be no doubt that these peoples are 
anything but apish in their condition. ‘he ancient mound- 
builders of South America used the same kind of material 
for their implements. Dr. Schlemann_ has laid bare five 
distinct periods in connexion with Trojan history, and in 
each of these are found human relics. In the most ancient 
—namely, in pre-historic—Troy, at a depth of 53 feet from 
the present surface, were found stone implements, polished 
