s 
205 
make no improvement. Their canoes, which are their most 
skilful work of art,—and a wretched canoe it is,—is exactly 
the same as 250 years ago.” 
Again, the New Zealanders were visited by Tasman in 1642, 
and he left a record of their barbarous state. After a period 
of 127 years these people were visited again by Capt. Cook, 
and the account which he gives of the people entirely corre- 
sponds with that given by Tasman. A century and a quarter 
had wrought no change for the better. Nor had they mado 
any advance towards civilisation when visited by the Rey. 8. 
Marsden in 1814. 
Take, again, thecaseof the nativesof New Holland: when they 
were first visited they were found to subsist on wild roots, 
which they procured with great difficulty, and were often half 
starved, yet they never conceived the idea of procuring the 
roots at the proper season and planting them round their 
huts. They did not even do this after the settlers had done 
so. Hven this most necessary thing was not invented by 
themselves. 
If, then, man in his natural state, as far as we know, 
never has, and seems as if he never could, raise himself, 
the question arises, when and how did civilisation originate? , 
Mark, originate, not how it was improved, and made perfect. 
It must not be forgotten that the bodily organs and con- 
ditions of the ape are much better fitted to the wants of the 
animal than are those of man. The ape needs no artificial 
covering to protect it from the vicissitudes of the climate, 
and its food is procurable with the least possible trouble. Not 
so with man: he must make his covering and labour for his . 
food. 
Then, ‘again, the instincts of the brutes are far above those of 
man. Archbishop Whately weil remarks, “ Let a quadruped 
be thrown into the water, and it swims naturally by the same 
motion as that of walking; but if man is immersed he is 
drowned unless he has learned to swim by an action quite 
different from that of walking.” Many people know from 
actual experience how very difficult it is to learn this par- 
ticular art, and the extreme satisfaction which is felt when 
they are able to swim a few yards in deep water. 
We think we are right when we say that, as we find things 
now, the first introduction of civilisation among savages is, 
and must be, by man ina more improved state. But, according 
to the position of the advocates of man’s original savagery, 
there was no man to do this. Their position is this. An ape ; 
an improved ape; a man-like ape; another improved semi- 
ape; and thena savage man, who gradually improved himself, 
