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kind can be made without bringing each of the parties under 
obligation to fulfil severally his part of the contract. All 
magistrates are responsible to the head of the state for the 
administration of the law, and all private persons are required 
to keep their practice within the prohibitions of the law under 
which they hve. No man is at liberty to touch the property 
of another or in any way to damage his interests. There 
cannot be a school, a factory, or an army, but you have 
subordination, and consequent responsibility, running in an 
unbroken chain from top to bottom. In fact, no human 
organisation can exist without it, and this comes from no 
arbitrary superimposed law, but by necessity of nature. Man 
must be unmade, and re-made after another pattern, if he 
could engage in combined action without responsibility ; and 
without such action the race must die out. 
Further discussion as to the accountability of man to man 
is unnecessary, as it is impossible to escape from it, communal 
hfe demanding authority and restraint everywhere. We may, 
therefore, review our conclusions, and so come to a logical 
result as a guide to practice. 
We have seen that we are dependent on others for our life,— 
first, on our parents; but, as they also are equally dependent 
on theirs, we are led on to the first Cause and Giver of 
human life. No man can make himself now, nor could 
the first man. From our bodily structure, and from the 
faculties and capabilities of our mind, it is evident that we 
cannot have come into being by the mechanical or chemical 
action of matter, nor from both combined, but that our 
Maker must be a Being of supreme intelligence and power. 
It also has appeared that we are equally dependent on Him 
for the continuance of our life; not only as His will prolongs 
or cuts it short, but as His providence continues the condi- 
tions necessary for its preservation; and that we are under 
His rule absolutely, as to our body and our means of operat- 
ing by it on the world without us; being unable to depart 
from the course prescribed for us without injury or destruc- 
tion. ‘The limits of our ability in this direction are narrow, 
well defined, and invariable. We are also evidently under 
a similar invariable rule as to our moral action; so that we 
can indulge in no vice without deterioration in honour and 
strength; nor can we trespass on the rights of others, but 
we bring ourselves under the restraint and chastisement of 
the laws which the community imposes as a necessary bond 
of union and protection. 
