d+ 
existed. . . . Some addressed the sun as Wakanda, though many did not. 
Some worshipped the thunder under this name.” The name may be rendered 
“The Wonderful or Mysterious Power.” 
The servant of the Elk gens said that there were seven great deities, 
Darkness, the Sky, the Ground, Thunder, the Sun, the Moon, and the 
Morning Star. The principal deity is in the upper world, above everything. 
These seven were probably the objects worshipped by the men of his gens. 
He also said that Warmth was a good deity. Two Crows said that they 
appealed to a Wakanda below the ground (as well as to the Wakanda in the 
upper world), during the ordeal of the sacred bag and sticks. * 
Page 298, lines 19-22. From what I have gained, I conclude that this 
is the correct view. 
The Winnebagos tell of Ma-‘u"’-na, Harth Maker, who sat on a piece of 
ground just large enough to hold him, facing the east. ‘“‘ He faced the east 
because it is the source of all light and knowledge.” 
The Joshua Indians (Tche-me’ tun-né’, a Tinne tribe), formerly at the 
mouth of Rogue R., Oregon, tell of two Beings, one the superior Creator, 
who now is inthe Sun, and the Father of Indians, who dwells at the south 
with the Mother. These never die. The Nal’-tun-ne’ tun-ne’ (also Tinne), 
who were south of the Joshuas, tell of Kha’-wa-ne’-sha, who appears to have 
been the Creator of the Joshua tradition. This tradition (published in the 
Detroit Free Press) was obtained by the writer when in Oregon. 
Among all the Siouan tribes, the term ‘‘ Grandfather” is applied to super- 
natural beings, to whom they pray for help. The Dakotas, Omahas, Ponkas, 
&c., when they meet a large boulder on the prairie, present bundles of 
tobacco to it as a representative of the Earth-god, and address it as Grand- 
father, asking for success. This term is also applied to the President of the 
U:S., the Secretary of the Interior being the “ Next Grandfather,” and the 
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, the ‘‘ Little Grandfather.” The term has 
been mistranslated “ Great Father.” 
Page 300. Good Spirits—Among these are guardian spirits, appearing in 
visions and dreams, after fasting, includiny the Rattlesnake, Grizzly Bear, 
Black Bear, Buffalo, Big Wolf, and Prairie Wolf. Among the Ponkas and 
Omahas, when a youth changed his name, as he went to war, a crier was 
sent to the hills to announce the act to the various deities, including the ~ 
hills, trees, birds, reptiles, insects, &c. The originals of these addresses, 
with translations, will appear in Vol. VI., Part I., Contributions to N. A. 
Ethnology (The Dhegiha Language. By the writer). 
Page 301. Hvil Spirits.—Long was correct (see p. 303) in saying that the 
Omahas had no idea of a devil (before the coming of our race). But they did 
and do believe in evil spirits or demons. In 1871, the Ponkas explained their 
custom of giving away all their possessions on the death of a member of the 
* See Omaha Sociology, § 214, on p. 328, in 3rd Annual Report, Bureau 
of Kthnology. Omaha Sociology (by the writer) was published in Dec., 1885. 
