The Migration of Fishes. 59 
Spanish mackerel (Cydium maculatum, C. caballa and C. regale), 
the rudder-fishes (alatractns zonatus, Naucrates ductor), and 
(Palinurichthys perciformis), the dolphin (Coryphena, two or three 
species), the remoras (Lcheneidide), the barracuda (Sphyrena 
borealis), the lady-fish (A/bula vulpes), the tarpum (JMJegalops 
thrissoides), the oceanic sharks, such as Galeocerdo tigrinus, and 
the numerous waifs from the West India fauna. Of these 
only the sword-fish, bonito, and the ceroes and Spanish mack- 
erel, are, at present, of economic importance. 
(2.) Local, or Bottom Fishes—These remain in our waters 
throughout the year, their movements being chiefly to and 
from the shore, though many of their species move for long 
distances up and down the coast. They prefer a somewhat 
uniform temperature, which they secure by going into the 
shallows in the summer and depths in the winter in the 
northern districts of their distribution, while in the southern 
districts of distribution their movements are reversed. They 
spawn on our coast, usually in shallow water and during 
their shoreward sojourn. The principal representatives of this 
group are the goose-fish (Zophius piscatorius), the flounder, and 
flat-fishes, the halibut (A/7ppoglossus vulgaris), of whose spawn- 
ing habits little, however, is known; the lump-fish (Cyclopterus 
lumpus), and the two species of Lzparis, the cod (Gadus mor- 
rhua), haddock (Melanogrammus eglefinus), pollock (Pollachius 
carbonarius), and the hakés (P&ycis chuss and P. americanus), 
the gumards and sculpins (Prionotus sp. and Cottus sp.), the 
rose-fishes (Sebastes sp.), the tautog (Zautoga onitis), and the 
chogest (Zautogolabrus adspersus), the skates, the rays, and the 
ground sharks. 
(3.)—TZhe Coast or Ranging Fishes——These are in our coast 
waters for a portion of the year, and when absent from them 
are supposed to retreat to the depths of the ocean. When 
