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NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 29 
ning brook, and works off its impurities, and for this reason I 
wish to urgently recommend the use of the dipper in aerating 
the water. There is nothing like it. I have carried fish of all 
sizes short journeys and long journeys, hundreds of miles, and 
thousands of miles, and I have never seen any contrivance yet 
that could begin to take the place of the dipper. One reason of 
this undoubtedly is that the friction resulting from continually 
pouring the water back into the tanks, cleanses, purifies and in- 
vigorates it. You can aerate the water beautifully by forcing a 
quantity of finely-divided air through.a pipe perforated at the 
end with pin-holes, but I would not give half as much for the 
water to carry fish in, as for the water that is dipped up and 
turned back with the dipper. We had an exemplification of this 
on the trip to California last spring with lobsters and other 
fishes. Not supposing that the lobsters could survive the long 
overland trip without change of water, | arranged to have one 
hundred gallons of Pacific Ocean water meet us at Winnemucca, 
Nevada. We started from Boston with three forty-gallon tanks 
of lobsters and a small reserve of about thirty gallons of ocean- 
water, only enough, by the way, to supply the waste in transit. 
On reaching Winnemucca the reserve was almost entirely ex- 
hausted, and the water in the tanks showed an increasing ten- 
dency to become foul, and we looked forward to the fresh ocean- 
water at Winnemucca with the avidity of thirsty travellers ap- 
proaching a spring in the desert. Imagine our dismay and dis- 
heartenment when we found every drop of the Pacific-water 
spoiled and converted into the most sickening kind of bilge- 
water. But—and this is the point—by energetic and almost in- 
cessant dipping, night and day, for the rest of the journey, we 
restocked the water in the tanksand kept it comparatively sweet 
till we were enabled to gladden the hearts of the lobsters with 
the water dipped up fresh from the Pacific Ocean, just outside 
the Golden Gate ; while I firmly believe that with an air-forcing 
apparatus we shouid have lost every lobster. To bring out more 
prominently the value of the friction-force created by dipping 
the water, I will say that during the overland trip last spring 
we lifted up about three feet above the surface of the water and 
poured back into the tanks 75,000 gallons of water, being equiv- 
