42 FISH CULTURAL ASSOCIATION. 
Huningen the world is indebted for some important practical hints, 
but most of all for its influence upon the policy of governments, The. 
fortunes of war and conquest have now thrown Huningen into the 
hands of the German government. [CosTE (J. J. M.): Notice Histor- 
ique sui l’etablissment de pisculture de Huningen. Paris, 1850. In- 
struction practiques sur la pisciculture, survies de memoirs et de 
rapputs sur le meme sujet. Avec figures, Paris, Massen, 1853, 12mo, 
DETZEM et BERTOL: Fecondation Artificielle des Poissons. Mem. de 
la Soc. d’Emulation des Doubs, 1851.] 
XVIII. 1850—Begtnning of Public Fish Culture in Norway.—In 1850 
the Storthing or Parliament of Norway voted 3,000 specie thalers for 
the prosecution of fish culture. Norway is thus entitled to share with 
France the honor of pioneership in fish culture, though by reason of 
her remoteness, her influence has not been so extended. [HAPHE, op. 
cit., p. 160.] It is worthy of mention that about 1850 the art of fish 
culture was again independently discovered by one Jacob Sandungen, 
a Norwegian peasant. [MOLIN: op. cit.] 
XIX. Beginnings of Fesh Culture in Finland..—For a third or fourth 
time the art of fish culture was independently discovered by a Finnish 
peasant named Matts Thomasson Wallila about the year 1852.] MOLIN: 
Grit. p. 71 
In 1857 H. J. Holmberg was sent by the Russian Government to 
Sweden and Norway to see how far the methods of fish culture then 
employed were applicable to Finland. [MOLIN: p. Io.] 
In 1862, through the labors of Holmberg, who in that year became 
inspector of pisciculture in that country, the first breeding station was 
established. In 1873 there were already ten large establishments in 
this. province. [SOUDAKEVICZ:.Rep. U.S. F. C.,.Part Useps §12.] 
XX. 1853—Beginnings of Fish Culture in the Untted States——In 1853, 
Dr. Theodatus Garlick and Prof. H. A. Ackley, of Cleveland, O., suc- 
ceeded in artificially propagating the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalzs), 
This may be considered as the beginning of fish culture in America, 
though allusion must be made to the claim of Rev. Dr. Bachman, of 
Charleston, S. C., who has published an account of experiments suc- 
cessfully carried out, in 1804, upon the corporal (Semotzlus corporalzs) 
and the trout. Bachman’s experiments, even if successful, a point not 
yet demonstrated, bear much the same relation to the history of Amer- 
ican fish culture that those of Dom Pinchon bear to those of France. 
Dr. Garlick’s paper “ On the Artificial Reproduction of Fishes,” was 
read before the Cleveland Academy of Natural Sciences, Feb. 14, 1854, 
though not printed until 1857. Dr. Bachman’s claim was not pub- 
