12 FISH—CULTURAL ASSOCIATION. 
We found that at 60 degrees we could secure a better develop- 
ment in from seven to eight days, but when the temperature 
was below that figure the development was abnormal, and the 
result was only a period of eight days, not enough to take them 
across. Eggs have been taken from the fish at a temperature of 
75 degrees, and then kept in water at a temperature of 60 de- 
grees for seven and eight days, and healthy fish hatched. When 
kept for a longer period, or at a lower temperature, the fish 
were invariably unhealthy. It had been proved by experiment 
that eggs kept in wet flannels in a damp atmosphere at a temper- 
ature of 60 degrees for forty-three hours could be successfully 
hatched. The problem of successfully hatching while the eggs 
. were ez route has now been-solved by the use of closed hatching 
apparatus. This consists simply of a jar of about five quarts 
capacity, with two tubes leading into it. One of these, at the 
bottom, furnishes a constant supply of. fresh water, and the 
other, at the top, carries off the impure water. As this water is 
forced into and carried out of the jar under pressure, and as the 
75,000 eggs which the jar would contain lie in a solid mass at 
the bottom, the motion of a train or the rolling of a vessel would 
not affect the spawn. If we cannot retard the hatching until 
reaching the other side, we might at least delay it so far 
that the fish would reach there before requiring food. This 
closed apparatus has an advantage over the open ones for ocean 
travel, in the fact that the eggs are not displaced by motion as 
in the closed jars the rolling of a ship would not affect the eggs 
in the least ; they would lie as quietly as on a laboratory table. 
All that we would need is a water supply,.or a means of secur- 
ing purity to the water by circulation. With this apparatus 
shad spawn might be carried to Europe as safely and success- 
fully as they are now transported to the rivers of California, Col- 
orado,and Texas. The only question that a practical fish-culturist 
is now required to answer is as to the ability to keep a supply of 
pure water to feed these closed jars while a vessel was ex route. 
It has been known to fish-culturists for years that the eggs of 
the Sa/monide could be transported out of the water without in- 
jury ; but not until very recently that the same thing could be 
done with the eggs of the shad. This discovery was the result 
