74 FISH—CULTURAL ASSOCIATION. 
necessary to erect a deflecting wall at the lower end. to turn the . 
Current around the abutment. This fish-way has been in opera- 
tion since the middle of May, 1883, and since the water has 
been turned on, all the river species except the shad, have been 
observed passing in large numbers. Very few shad have 
reached the dam this season; the total catch by the nets being 
less than two hundred. 
Figure 12 shows plan of fish-way on Canal Dam No. 4, on 
the Potomac River, near Sheperdstown, W. Va. This was built 
in the winter of 1882, stood without injury, the heavy ice drifts 
and floods of the late winter, and during the season just past, 
has given full satisfaction to those who have watched its 
operation. 
The black bass and other river species have been observed to 
pass it in numbers and with ease. In this case the fish-way is 
sheltered behind the abutment on the Maryland side of the 
river, the upper section being suspended to the abutment by 
stout wrought iron brackets. The water is conducted to the 
head of the fish-way from the crest of dam by a trunk leading 
around the face of the abutment. 
Mr. Pace: There has heretofore been no certainty about the 
action of fishways, but it is now generally acknowledged that 
Col. McDonald has invented one that will accomplish all that is 
sought in effecting the passage of fish over dams in the easiest 
and best manner, and also at the least expense. 
Mr. Puiuiips: I would bring to the notice of this Association 
the death of M. Charbonnier, the very celebrated fishculturist of 
France, whose reputation was world-wide. He was particularly 
interested in introducing and acclimatizing foreign fishes, either 
of value as food or ornament, and was the first to introduce the 
gourami into France. During the siege of Paris, when fuel was 
scarce and the weather too cool for his gourami, he burned his 
furniture to warm them, and so saved them through those dread- 
fuldays. Originally he was a tin-smith, but came to love nature 
and study it, until his name was widely known in both hemi- 
