30 FISH-CULTURAL: ASSOCIATION. 
the necessity of going further from the railroad, or erecting two 
or three separate stations at different points. 
Before closing, allow me to mention a fact which may possi- 
bly be as much of a surprise to many of you as it wasto me. It 
is that there are no salmon in the whole of that portion of the 
North or Clark’s Fork of the Columbia, which flows through 
Western Montana and Idaho, including that magnificent body of 
water, Lake Pend d’Oreille in Northern Idaho. 4 
This fork of the Columbia known as it flows westward under 
the various names of Deer Lodge river, Hellgate river and 
Missoula river, has a length of about three hundred miles before 
it reaches the falls of Senniacwateen, just below the outlet of 
Lake Pend d’Oreilie, where it is believed the ascending salmon 
are finally stopped from going any further, and in the long 
stretch of river above this point clear to the Rocky Mountains 
no salmon whatever are found. I was not aware of this fact, 
and when we had crossed the continental divide, which was 
accomplished then in a wretched mud wagon (called by court- 
esy a stage), and had descended the western slope of the Rocky 
Mountain range far enough for the Deer Lodge brook to have 
become a respectable river, | expected to find salmon very 
abundant, but to my great surprise the people there were as un- 
familiar with salmon in their natural haunts as the people of 
thiscity are, and were nearly as far from them. 
I found that there were three principal obstructions which 
kept the salmon from ascending the river. The first one from 
the ocean is Kettle Falls, in Washington Territory, on the main 
Columbia, 711 miles from its mouth. These falls are about 
twenty-five feet in height at low water, but they are not wholly 
impassable, for on the east side they are broken into a series of 
cascades, through which the salmon can and do get above the 
falls at certain stages of the water, and possibly at all times. 
Forty-two miles above Kettle Falls, the Pend d’Oreille river 
(Clark’s Fork of the Columbia from Lake Pend d’Oreille to the 
main river is called Pend d’Oreille river) empties into the main 
Columbia. Near its mouth, at a distance variously stated from 
a few rods to twenty miles, is another fall which is undoubtedly 
a serious obstruction to the salmon. This fall (it being on the 
