TIN MINING IN PERAK. 83 



as Inspector of Mines uudei' the Government to become the 

 Manager of the Company. This position he held until his 

 death in 1895. Messrs. F. D. Osborne and C. Ephraums then 

 took over charge of the works. 



The pipes are eight inches in diameter, the pipe line is 

 about five miles long, there are some two and a half miles 

 of open ditching, and the intake is two hundred and forty - 

 nine feet above the mine. The ]npes are riveted sheet steel, and 

 join by slipping one into the other, they having a slight taper 

 sufiicient to allow of this. The monitor works with a two -inch 

 nozzle as a rule. The whole plant was procured from America, 

 which is the seat of the hydravilic mining industry. As first 

 put up there was a sluice of about four hundred feet in length 

 and three feet in width, near the Ipoh - Gopeng road. It worked 

 very unsatisfactorily, and the tailings were so good that a 

 number of people used to wash them by hand in " dulangs " 

 and make a living out of selling the tin -sand to the Company 

 at quite a low price. 



Wlien the mine was visited in July, 1896, the plan of work- 

 ing was as follows. During the night the jet (a two -inch one) 

 was used in cutting down the earth, which was from six to nine 

 feet in depth. Twelve Chinamen were employed at this night 

 work. The gravel and earth was partly washed into the rock -cut, 

 and the rest left to be dealt with in the day time. In the morn- 

 ing a gang of forty Malay and Kling women go into the rock- 

 cut with "dulangs" and scoop up the sand and earth in it, wash- 

 ing it off in the stream itself, then take up a second dishful and 

 so on, putting the tin sand into a can or other receptical after 

 washing each " dulang" of earth. Meanwhile the monitor plays 

 with reduced pressure on the earth cut down during the preced- 

 ing night, and washes it into the ditch. This goes on for eight 

 hours on ordinary days, and for twelve hours occasionally, when 

 it takes longer to get through the material cut during the night 

 before. For this eight hours' work the women are paid 40 cents, 

 and for the twelve hours 60 cents. 



The rock -cut is merely a rude ditch cut in the stiff clay, 

 " kong," underlying the pay dirt. It is some five hundred feet 

 long and about two feet wide. It has a few wooden stops, but 

 neither riffles nor riffle stones, nor is it paved with wood or 

 stone. The women stand all along at intervals in it plying 

 their "dulangs." During the day ten men, mostly Chinese, 

 are also employed, thus bringing up the complement to sixty - 

 one hands for the one jet. These day men look after the 

 monitor, clear away timber and roots, clean the crude tin - sand 



