SOME ACCOUNT OF THE TIN MINES AND THE MINING 
INDUSTRIES OF PERAK. 
By L. WRaAy, JUN. 
CHAPTERS I 
HISTORICAL, 
The mines, and the industries connected with them, are of such 
paramount importance and interest to all living in or having relations 
with the State of Perak, that it is honed this attemnt ta iva a doteaitl4 
NO Tee. 
—_—_— 
: : ae 3 py 
The Plates tn this book are numbered 4 to 10. Plates 1 to 3 
have appeared in previous issues of this periodical. 
euue as wu say, NUE 1m wHIcn anytning Dut the doings ot the chiefs and 
the records of the constant petty wars which ravaged the whole Pen- 
insula are to be found. In Malaya, as in most other parts of the world, 
the things which have been thought worthy of recording in history are 
the very things that in subsequent times prove least interesting. 
The metal tin has been known from the most remote ages—in fact, 
the first metallic instruments which were made to take the place of stone 
implements were fashioned out of bronze, except in America, where the 
vast amount of native copper would appear to have led to its use before 
the art of casting was discovered. 
In early times tin must have had great value, for without it the copper 
could not be hardened so as to be of use for cutting anything but the 
softest of substances. The bronzes of antiquity—that is to say, of that 
age in the history of the world known as the Bronze Period, were com- 
posed of copper nine parts and tin one part; and it is a singular and 
significant fact that this proportion had a world-wide range. Later 
bronzes, manufactured by the Greeks, Egyptians, Etruscans and Romans, 
contained a certain amount of lead in addition to the tin and copper of 
the primitive alloy. 
