214 MAJOR C. RB. CONDER;,, RsE., D:Csh., ilD..c MeRsAGG:, 
with three consonants forming two syllables. This last 
group is very generally recognised to represent the early 
building: up of words, by the combination of two mono- 
syllabic roots; but, as regards the second category, they have 
been variously Jooked upon as original efforts of speech, or 
as inflexions which result from an original combination of 
the first or simplest class of monosyllables. As regards this 
point it is remarkable that we have many series of roots 
having the same beginning, but ending in a guttural, a 
dental, or a labial; and they can therefore be arranged as 
species of a single genus, of which the original form is the 
simple syllable of the first category. As an instance we 
may cite the root BHA, “to shine,” with the extended forms 
BHAK (guttural), BHAS (dental), and BHAN or BHAM (labial). 
From the first comes the Sanskrit bhd, “to shine”; from the 
second the Latin fax, “torch”; from the third the Sanskrit 
bhas, “to shine,” or “appear,” and from the last, the Greek 
daweiv “to appear,” the Insh ban, “white.” The same 
extension of the root is very generally observable, as in WA 
“to breathe,” WAK, “speech,’ WAR, “speech:” or WA to 
weave,” WADH, ‘to weave,” and WABH, “to weave.” Krom 
such instances we may perhaps conclude that the original 
roots are those of the first or simplest class. 
When we come to consider these simplest roots we find 
that they also exist in several forms, according to the position 
and character of the vowel. ‘Thus we have both Aw and wa, 
“to breathe”; and both wa and wi, “to weave”; ARand RA, 
“to roar”; MA and MI, “to diminish.” But what is still more 
remarkable, we have often the same idea conveyed by 
guttural, a dental, or a labial, as DA, “to go,” GA, “to go,” and 
PA, “to go:” DA, “to say,” KA, “to call,” and BHA, “to speak.” 
Tn some of these cases the extended form only is found in 
Aryan speech, but the simple form still survives in Mongolic 
languages. Such arrangement of the Aryan roots seems to 
show that the original speech of the race must have been 
extremely simple, and included very few sounds. The 
meaning was probably emphasised and assisted by the use of 
gestures, and of various tones of voice. This we notice 
among all primitive peoples. The gesticulations of an Italian 
peasant, or of an Arab, are so systematised as often to render 
speech quite unnecessary ; and the dramatic powers of the 
Bushman are so remarkable as to be materiaily important in 
the explanation of the meaning conveyed by his very limited 
vocabulary. It is mdeed to this imitative faculty im man 
