216 MAJOR C...R, CONDER, R:E., D-C.l.,° E1.D.,, MR ADS., 
and while the rude Aryans had as yet not appeared on the 
page of history. They were probably the first to use metals, 
and to possess weapons superior to the flit knives, hatchets, 
spears, and arrows, of other races. ‘They were the teachers 
of Phoenicians and Babylonians, and probably the earliest 
artists of Italy and Syria.* _ Vambéry, whose career originated 
in the desire to trace the Hungarians to their home in Asia, 
has uttered an eloquent protest against the Aryan prejudice 
on this subject, and the discovery of the aaa language, 
by Sir Henry Rawlinson, has placed the question of } Mongolic 
civilisation in a new and truer lght. In speaking of 
Akkadian as Mongolic, I am aware that its vocabulary has 
been found to pr esent very remarkable resemblances to both 
Aryan and Semitic speech ; bué it is by grammar rather than 
by vocabulary that languages are best classified, and judged 
by this test we must accept the conclusion of the great 
scholars who have followed Sir Henry Rawlinson, and the 
latest contributions of Lenormant and of Hommel to the 
question. 
Three great divisions of this group of languages may be 
recognised (1), the Mongol proper, spoken over a wide extent 
of Asia; (2), the Turkic in the steppes of Central Asia; and (3), 
the Finnic and Ugric in Enrope; but all these divisions are 
intimately connected, by vocabulary, by grammar, and by the 
identity of suffixes and pronouns ; they are all remarkable for 
agolutination, and for the almost entire absence of inflexion, 
save when Aryan influence has tended to cause such an 
advance. The labours of Castren, Donner, Bobtlngk, and 
* Tt is to this group that I refer the Hittite language. Since reading 
a paper on this subject to the Victoria Institute, a letter has been pub- 
lished from a Hittite Price to Amenophis 111. It proves, as I supposed, 
to be in a dialect closely akin to the Akkadian. Another long letter, by 
the King of Mitani, called Dusratta, to his relative, Amenophis LEE is in 
a similar language. Its case endings are the same as in Turkish, and 
many of the swords are Akkadian. Mitani was the country of the Jen, 
a tribe who invaded Egypt in the Hyksos period, and they lived in 
Commagene, east of the Euphrates, close to the Hittite country. I 
think, also, that Dr. Isaac Taylor has proved by numerals and other 
words that the Etruscans were Mongols from Asia Minor, but the 
Umbrians, Oscans, and other early Italian tribes were Aryans, akin to the 
Latins and Celts. An even older race akin to the ancient Egyptians and 
Berbers is believed, in prehistoric times, to have existed in Italy, and on 
all the Mediterranean shores, in its islands, in France and Spain, and even 
on the south shores of England. 
