222 MAJOR C. RB. CONDER, RB.E., -D.C.L.,, LI.D:, M.R.AcS., 
great groups are thus distinguished; first, the languages 
which place the genitive before its nominative, and use the 
pronouns M “me” and T “thee,” that is to say the Mongolic 
and the Aryan (the one agglutinative, the other advanced 
far in inflection) ; and second, the languages which place the 
genitive after the nominative and use the pronouns ANK “1” 
and ANT “thou,” that is to say, the Egyptian and Semitic 
tongues (the one agglutinative, the other advanced far in 
inflection). This division does not mdeed forbid us to 
suppose a remote common origin, such as the list of common 
roots indicates, but it forbids us to make such comparisons 
as that of Inish and Hebrew, which disregard the structure 
of the two languages; and it shows us that the separation 
of the northern and southern families of Asiatic man must 
have occurred at a very early period. 
The personal pronouns are very distinct in the various 
languages under consideration, because (as we are usually 
taught) they grew out of old demonstratives, and were 
differently specialised among different peoples. ‘lhese old 
demonstratives in turn grew out of yet older roots, which 
had the meaning of “being” or “moving,” and from which 
various names for man were formed. In the same way the 
terminations of case, or the prepositions forming the same 
distinctions, had a similar origin. The roots and some of 
the demonstratives have the same value in all the languages 
under consideration; but the later use of these differs 
exceedingly. ‘The commonest of all are MA, SA, and KA, 
which deserve a special notice. In Akkadian ma means 
“this” and “I,” and in Aryan speech we have ma, “this,” 
while in Assyrian ma is also a demoustrative. It probably 
comes from the old root MA or AM, “to be.” In lke manner 
SA, which means a “man” or “person” in Akkadian and 
Egyptian, becomes the demonstrative sa, “ he,’ m Aryan 
speech, in Assyrian, in Egyptian, and in Mongolic. It pro- 
bably comes from the old root As, to “breathe.” In some 
languages, like Greek, Zend, and Hebrew, the S becomes H, 
and thus we get the demonstrative o “the,” and the Hebrew 
Ha, “the”; Hu, “he”; and the English “he,” all from the 
same root, SA or HA. The general meaning of the third root 
KA is “who” in all the languages under consideration. In 
Egyptian we may perhaps find its origin in ka, a “man” or 
“male.” It is also remarkable that the pronoun ANK, “I,” in 
Egyptian and Semitic speech, may be compared with the 
Akkadian an-ag, meaning “this same”: and the second 
