232 MAJOR. C.- RB: \CONDER) Rebs, ‘DiC ls, WL Ds, aioe se 
hand the names for the horse are very various, being, however, 
all derived from its speed. ‘That the horse was tamed much 
later than the ass is too generally admitted to need any 
lengthy consideration. 
Among birds the names for various kinds of crow are clear] 
taken from their croaking, and like that of the cookoo (which 
is the same in Aryan and Semitic speech), they give no true 
linguistic evidence. It is remarkable that the duck seems 
perhaps to have the same name in languages widely separated, 
as in the Semitic but, the Egyptian apt, and the Chinese aap ; 
but as a rule the names of birds are very different in different 
languages. Fishes also are variously named, sometimes from 
roots meaning “to swim” ; but the Egyptian Aha, “fish,” is 
the same as in Akkadian, and perhaps connected with the 
Chinese gu, and the widely spread Mongol and Finnic word 
Kala or Kol, and the Chinese fawan for a “large fish.” 
The names of common trees do not assist our enquiry, 
except that the Aryan and Semitic words for a “forest tree,” 
seem to come from the root AL, “to rise up,” or to be “ high.” 
The Aryan dru, for “wood,” may perhaps compare with the 
Akkadian tir, for “wood” or “tree,” which again may be the 
same as the Finnic ¢e/, *‘ wood,” andthe Hungarian derek, for 
a “ tree trunk.” Another word, the Semitic ef2, occurs as the 
Greek ofos, “a bough,” and the Finnic oks, for “ wood.” 
Other words which may be suspected of being borrowed 
are the names for “camel” and for “wine.” It is usually held 
that the first is of Semitic origin. It occursin Egyptian, and 
was adopted in Aryan speech, but the curious fact remains 
that it is not traceable to a Semitic root. In Mongol speech 
we have the words Kam, “to be bent or humped,” and el, for 
‘“‘a beast,” and it appears possible that the true origin is here 
found, as being the “ beast with a hump.” The camel is not 
solely an Arabian animal, since it has from a very early period 
existed in Central Asia and in Asia Minor. [f it be a bor- 
rowed word it would seem more probably to be of Akkadian 
than of Semitic origin. The word for wine, on the other 
hand, is derived by Gesenius from a root meaning “ to 
ferment,’ in Semitic speech. It appears to have been bor- 
rowed from the northern Semites by the Aryans, but it 1s not 
co-extensive with the whole range of languages under 
consideration. 
The question of agriculture is one of high interest, and 
on which perhaps language throws light. There is a 
widely distributed word for seed from the root Sa, “to sow,’ 
