170 Dr. J. E. Gray on the Arrangement 



defensive spicules of any form. The fragment was a very 

 minute one, and it might be not a good specimen of the 

 sponge ; but I should like to be assured that Dr. Bowerbank, 

 in preparing his slide, has not somehow mixed up the sponge 

 of the Japanese and Portuguese species together ; and I hope 

 that Professor Bocage will give us a figm-e of the spicules he 

 finds in the Portuguese Sponges. But should it even prove to 

 be correct that the Sponges attached to Hyalonema mirabile 

 and lusitanicwn both belong to the genus Carteria^ it would be 

 no proof that the coral belongs to the Sponge. Mr. Carter 

 has well observed that, if the polype that forms the bark can 

 secrete the siliceous spicules that occur in the bark, there can 

 be no difficulty in believing that it can secrete the longer 

 spicules that form the rope-like axis. 



Even if the Sponge of the two Hyalonemata belongs to the 

 same genus, that aff'ords no proof that the glass rope is part of 

 the Sponge. It is remarkable that the Palythoce, to which the 

 polyjDCS of Hyalonema are most nearly allied, are constantly 

 parasitic on one particular animal ; and yet we do not believe 

 that they are part of the animal on which they are parasitic. 

 Some forms of Palythoa are only parasitic on some bodies in 

 a peculiar state. The one that Dr. Johnston called Spongia 

 suherea (see Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 491, f. 60) is only found 

 growing on shells ; but it is never found growing on a living 

 shell, but only on shells inhabited by Bernhard crabs ; and 

 somewhat similar species with the same habit are found on 

 the American coast and in other parts of the world ; y&t no 

 one thinks there is any connexion between the PalytJioa and 

 the crab or the shell, as Dr. Bowerbank does because the 

 Japanese and Portuguese Hyalonemata are sometimes found 

 affixed to a Sponge of the same genus. 



Dr. Bowerbank states that he has found in the Portuguese 

 species of Garteria all the spicules that are found in the Japanese 

 species, but one. If his observation is accurate, this, to my 

 mind, goes to prove that there are two species of Carteria 

 ( G. japonica and G. lusitanica) as well as two species of Hya- 

 lonema, each having an Hyalonema sometimes growing from 

 them, as the species of Palythoa on diiferent coasts live on 

 shells inhabited by Bernhard crabs. 



I find that I neglected to state that the genus Garteria is 

 named in honour of Mr. H. J. Carter, of Budleigh-Salterton, 

 who observed so accm-ately the structure, habit, and develop- 

 ment of the Sjwngilla of Bombay, and has described so well 

 the structure and development of the Foraminifera. 



I may also say that the genus Ingallia is named in honour 



