BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 25 



pronominal endings -hi- thee, -si- he to me, -xi- he me, fails to 

 cause umlaut, nor does the law operate when the -i- is immediately- 

 preceded by an inorganic h. The following forms will make the 

 applicability of the rule somewhat clearer : 



wak'.ayayini'^n I caused him to grow with it (but Ic.'ayayana'^n 

 I caused him to grow, with preserved -a-, because of following 

 -a'^n, not -i'^n) 



waJc.'eyeya'nxi he caused me to grow with it 



waklayaya'nxbi^n I caused thee to grow with it 



lyulu'yili^n I rub it (from -yali^n) 



lyulu'yalhi he rubs it 



It should be carefully noted that this i- umlaut never operates on a 

 radical or stem-vowel, a fact that incidentally proves helpful at times 

 in determining how much of a phonetic complex belongs to the stem, 

 and how much is to be considered as belonging to the grammatical 

 apparatus following the stem. In: 



wa°-giwi'^n I brought it to him (from -awi'^n; cf. waJ^ga' shi^n 

 I brought it to you) 



the -a- following the g is shown to be not a part of the aoristic stem 

 wd'^g- by the i- umlaut that it may undergo; on the other hand, the 

 corresponding future shows an un-umlauted -a-: 



wagawi'n I shall bring it to him 

 so that the future stem must be set doA\Ti as waga-, as is confirmed by 

 certain other considerations. 



It would take us too far afield to enumerate all the possible cases 

 in which i- umlaut takes place; nevertheless, it is a phenomenon of 

 such frequent recurrence that some of the more common possibilities 

 should be listed, if only for purposes of further illustration: 



(1) It is caused by the aoristic verb suffix -^*- denoting position: 



s'as-ini he stands (cf. s-a's'anfd"' he will stand) 

 tlobigl he lies as if dead (cf. future tlobaga'sdd"-) 



(2) By an element -i- characteristic of certain nouns, that is added 

 to the absolute form of the noun before the possessive pronominal 

 endings : 



hu^hiniYY my arm (cf. hu^ha^n arm) 

 Vga'lfgilixdeJc' my belly (for * fgalfgali-) 



(3) By the common verbal "instrumental" vowel -i-, which, for 

 one reason or another, replaces the normal pre-pronominal element 



§ 8 



