26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



-a-, and often serves to give the verb an instrumental force. This 

 instrumental -i- may work its influence on a great number of preceding 

 elements containing -a-, among which are: 



{a) The -a- that regularly replaces the stem-vowel in the second 

 member of a duplicated verb: 



alHt'haga't'higi^n I beat him (cf. -fhagaThaV he beat him) 

 ts'!ele/ts'!ili^n I rattle it (cf. ts'Iele'ts'IalJii he rattles it) 

 Ismili' smili^n I swing it (cf. Ismi'lsmal swing it!) 



(b) The causative element -an-: 



wa/p'.d'^gini'^n I cause him to swim with it (cf. 'pla'^gana'-n I cause 

 him to swim) 

 See above: 



wok .'ayayini'^n I cause him to grow 



(c) The element -an- added to transitive stems to express the idea 



of FOR, IN BEHALF OF : 



wat'.omomini'^n I kill it for him with it (cf. t.'omomana'^n I kill it 

 for him) 



(d) The pronominal element -am-, first personal plural object: 

 alx%''^ximi^s one who sees us (cf . alxi'^xam he sees us) 



4. By the suffixed local element -dl^ on top of added to the demon- 

 strative pronoun ga that to form a general local postposition: 



gidl^ on top of it, over (so and so) 

 Compare the similarly formed : 



gada'^Y above 



gadaH among 

 and others. 



5. By the pronominal element -ig- {-i¥) , first personal plural subject 

 intransitive : 



V.omdxiniY we kill each other (cf . tlomoxa^n they kill each other) 

 daxinigam we shall find each other (cf . ddxanH' they will find each 

 other) 



This list might be greatly extended if desired, and indeed numerous 

 other examples will meet us in the morphology. Examples of a double 

 and treble i- umlaut are : 



loho'^ninini'^n I caused him to die (i. e., killed him) for him (cf. 



loho'^nana'nM he killed him for him) 

 ik!umininini^n¥ he will fix it for him (compare Iklu'^ma^n he 



fixed it) 



