36 BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



A final fortis also becomes the corresponding aspirated surd {-ts! 

 becoming -^s), but with a preceding catch by way of compensation 

 for the loss of the fortis character of the consonant. This process is 

 readily understood by a reference to the phonetic analysis of the fortes 

 given above (§ 12). Final p!, for instance, really ^h(^), is treated in 

 absolutely parallel fashion to a final h; the final media implied in 

 the p! must become an aspirated surd (this means, of course, that 

 the glottal closure is released at the same time as the stop, not sub- 

 sequently, as in the ordinary fortis), but the glottal attack of the ^h 

 still remains. Examples are: 



wasga'plin I shall make it tight; wasgof^p make it tight 

 Ic'ap.'a'Vap'na^n I throw them under (fire, earth) ; future, Va^p"- 



Va'p'nan 

 ha/^xd't'.an I shall win over him ; hd^xo'H' mn over him! ha/^xo'H'ga^ 



I won over him 

 alxl'Tclin I shall see him; alxl'^¥ see him! (contrast alxi'^gi^n I 



saw him; alxl'^V he saw him) 

 ha^wiha'ntslin I shall cause it to stop (raining) ; ha^wlTia'n^s 



make it stop raining! 

 no'ts.'afgwan next door to each other; no'^^s' next door 

 JiaHmi'ts.'adan Heimi'^s six times 100; TiaHmi'^s six 



Consonant Cofnbinations (§§ 14-17) 



§ 14. GENERAL REMARKS 



Not all consonant combinations are allowable in Takelma, a cer- 

 tain limited number of possibilities occurring initially, while a larger 

 number occur as finals. Medial combinations, as we shall see (§17), 

 are simply combinations of syllabic final consonants or permissible 

 consonant combinations and syllabic initial consonants or permis- 

 sible consonant combinations. 



§ 15. INITIAL COMBINATIONS 



If, as seems necessary, we regard gw as a single labialized consonant, 

 the general rule obtains that no combinations of three or more con- 

 sonants can stand at the beginning of a word or syllable. The fol- 

 lowing table shows all the initial combinations of two consonants 

 possible in Takelma, the first members of the various combinations 

 being disposed in vertical columns and the second members, with 

 which the first combine, being given in horizontal Unes. Examples 

 fill the spaces thus mapped out. Inasmuch as the mediae and fortes, 



§§ 14-15 



