BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES — TAKELMA 57 



infixed -a- between the s (strengthened to ts!) and g of the stem. 

 Similarly the aorist stem wits' !im- (from wism- move) shows an 

 infixed i. Infixation in frequentative forms is illustrated by : 

 yonoina'-n I always sing (aorist stem yonon-) 

 ts'.ayaiV he used to shoot them (cf. tslaya'V he shot them) 

 On examination it is found that the infixed element is invariably 

 a repetition of part of the phonetic material given by the stem. 

 Thus the infixed -a- and -i- of mats lag- and wits' !im- are repetitions 

 of the -a- and -i- of the stems masg- and wism-; the infixed -i- of 

 yonoin- and tslayaig- are similarly repetitions of the y- of yonon 

 and -y- of ts.'ayag-. It seems advisable, therefore, to consider all 

 cases of infixation rather as stem-amplifications related to reduplica- 

 tion. An infixed element may itself be augmented by a second 

 infixation. Thus we have: 



Verb stem Aorist stem Frequentative 



Jiemg- take out Jiemeg- heme^mg- 



ts!a-im- hide tslayam- ts!aya-im- 



masg- put mats lag- matslaP-sg- 



yawl- talk yawa-i- ydwa-iy- 



haxm- come haxam- haxd^^xm- 



§ 30. Reduplication 



Reduplication is used in Takelma as a grammatical process with 

 surprising frequency, probably as frequently as in the Salish languages. 

 The most interesting point in connection with it is probably the fact 

 that the reduplicating increment follows the base, never, as in most 

 languages (Salish, Kwakiutl, Indo-Germanic) , precedes it. It is, 

 like the infixation spoken of above, employed partly in the formation 

 of the aorist, partly to express frequentative or usitative action. 

 Some nouns show redupHcated stems, though, as a process, redupli- 

 cation is not nearly as important in the noun as in the verb. Some 

 verbs, including a number that do not seem to imply a necessary 

 repetitive action, are apparently never found in unredupHcated form. 

 Four main types of reduplication, with various subtypes, occur : 



1. A partial reduplication, consisting of the repetition of the vowel 

 and fi.nal consonant of the stem : 



aorist helel- (from JieH- sing) 



aorist tlomom- (from do^m- kill) 

 The reduplicated vowel is lengthened in certain forms, e. g., Tiele^l-, 

 Homo^m-. 



§ 30 



