58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



1 a. A subtype of 1 is illustrated by such forms as exhibit an 

 unredupHcated consonant after the redupHcated portion of the word, 

 the second vowel in such cases being generally long 



aorist ts'!umu^mfa- (from s'u^mfa- boil) 



usitative aorist tliXluHg- (from verb stem tlilHg-, aorist tlulug- 



follow trail) 

 usitative aorist gim}ng- (from verb stem ging-, aorist ginig- go to ; 



ging-, ginig- itself is probably reduphcated from gin-) 



2. A complete reduplication, consisting of the repetition of the 

 entire base with a change of the stem-vowel to a: 



aorist tieut.'au- (from t!eu- play shinny) 

 aorist hofiad- (from ho^d- pull out one's hair) 

 aorist Icf^- sal- xo{x)xag come to a stand (pi.) ; aorist sal-xog-^*- 

 stand (pi.) 



3. A complete reduplication, as in 2, with the addition of a con- 

 necting vowel repeated from the vowel of the stem: 



aorist yuluyal- (cf . verb stem yulyal- rub) 

 aorist frequentative Tiogohag- keep running (from Tio'^g- run) 

 aorist frequentative s'wiZis "waZ- tear to pieces; verb stem s*wiZ- 

 s'wal- (from aorist s'wiHs'wal- tear; verb stem s'wlH-) 

 If the stem ends in a fortis consonant, the reduplicating syllable 

 regularly shows the corresponding media (or aspirated tenuis) : 



sgoUosgad- cut to pieces (from verb stem sgbH!-, aorist sgo^d- cut) 

 Sa. A subgroup of 3 is formed by some verbs that leave out the -a- 

 of the reduplicating syllable : 



gwidiV'^d- throw (base gwid-) 



4. An irregular reduplication, consisting of a repetition of the 

 vowel of the stem followed by -i^)a- + the last and first (or third) 

 consonants of the stem in that order: 



frequentative aorist t.'omoamd-, as though instead of Hlomo- 

 t.'am-; cf. non-aorist do'^mdam- (from aorist tlomom- kill) 



frequentative aorist Tcleme^amg- (from Tc!eme-n- make; verb stem 

 ]c!em-n-) 



frequentative aorist pluwufaug-, as thoughinstead of *pfuwup!aug- 

 (from aorist pluwulc!- name) 



It will be noticed that verbs of this type of reduphcation all begin 

 with fortis consonants. The glottal catch is best considered a partial 

 representative of the initial fortis; in cases like Jc.'eme^amg- an original 

 § 30 



