BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 67 



1. In the first place it is evident from such examples as %-j)!V- 

 nd"^¥wa^n i warm my hands and Tian-waya-swilswa'lM he tore him 

 OPEN WITH A KNIFE, that nouns (in these cases p!¥ fire and waya 

 knife) occur as incorporated instrumentals, for such elements as l- 

 and Jian- can not possibly be isolated from the verb (han- does not 

 occur as independent adverb, but only as prefix; ^- is inconceivable 

 as independent noun) ; furthermore, if, in the forms just quoted, p.'i^ 

 and waya be looked upon as absolutely independent nouns, they lose 

 all semblance of grammatical form, there being, indeed, nothing but a 

 definite position in a verb-complex that could here suggest the notion 

 of instrumentality. It is also possible to isolate waya, but that 

 would involve considerable readjustment of the verbal structure. 

 To be stamped as an instrumental, waya must in that case be fol- 

 lowed by a postposition wa with, so that the sentence then reads, 

 Tian-swilswa'lhi wa'ya wa^ (the phrase wa'ya wa^ may also precede) . 



If we wish to incorporate the instrumental idea into the verb, and 

 yet keep the noun outside of the verb-structure, we may let the wa, 

 which seems properly to denote with it, occupy the place of the incor- 

 porated waya, which, as an appositive of wa, then either precedes or 

 follows the verb-form, wa'ya Tian-wa-swilswa'Thi, or Jian-wa-swilswa'lhi 

 waya'' he-across-with-it-tore-him (it, i. e.), the-knife. This con- 

 struction is identical with the well-known appositional structure of 

 Nahua or Chinook (e. g., i-it-killed the-dog), except that the incor- 

 porated element is here instrumental and not objective in character. 

 The noun and its representative can not both be incorporated in the 

 verb, such a form as lian-waya-wa^-swilswa'lJii, for instance, being 

 quite impossible. 



It becomes clear, therefore, that an incorporated instrumental 

 noun like wa'ya is quite analogous to an instrumental body- 

 part prefix like I- hand, with the difference that wa'ya may 

 be isolated in that form, while v- must, when isolated, be 

 provided with a possessive pronominal element. The form lian-%- 

 swilswa'lhi i tore him open with my hand is strictly analogous to 

 han-waya-swilswa'lM; the sentence luxde'Y Jian-wa-swilswa'lM my- 

 hand i-across-with-it-tore-him corresponds to wa'ya Imn-wa-swil- 

 swa'lhi; and, finally, Jian-swilswa'Ihi luxde'V wa'' i-across-tore-him 

 my-hand with (-it) is parallel to han-swilswa'lM wa'ya wa". What- 

 ever is true morphologically of %- must be true of wa'ya; the evident 



§ 35 



