68 BUKEAU OF AMEKICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 40 



incorporation of I- involves the incorporation of wa'ya in the analogous 

 form. 



As the incorporation of the noun as an instrument seems a rather 

 important trait of Takelma, a number of further examples may be 

 given: 



xa°'-be^-nd'H:'wa^n I warm my back in (really = with) the sun 



(6e^sun); cf. 188.20 

 Jie^^-xi-le'me^Vi he destroyed them with water (xi water) 

 Tie^^-pI^-leme'^Vi he destroyed them with fire (p.'i^ fire) 98.12 

 xa-dan-fgiUfga'lhi he broke it with a rock (dan rock) 24.4 

 gwen-waya-sgb'H'i he cut their necks off with his knife (wayd'°' wa^ 



with his knife, apart from verb-structure) 144.5, 22 

 xd°'-be^m-k .'woH'lcI'widi^n I broke it with a stick {he^m stick) 

 dd'^-heH-yehebi'^n I sing for him, Hterally, I engage (?) his ears 



with song Qie^l song; al-yeheh-i- show to) 

 dd°'-f7nu^gal-lewe'Hiwi^n I shake my ears with twisted shells 



(attached to them) (^mu^gfaZ twisted shell) 122.1 

 dl^-Val-p'ili'p'ili^n I squash them with my penis (Vol penis) 73.14 

 de-ye't'-haxamagwana^lc' we came crying, literally, we came hav- 

 ing (our) mouths with tears (yeV tears) 

 yap!a-dauijd^-ts!aya'¥i he shot people with his shaman's spirit 



{dauyd'°'Y'^da his shaman-spirit, apart from verb-structure); 



cf. 164.14 



All these, except the last, begin with elements (m°-, Jie"^-, gwen-, da"'-, 

 di^-, de) that can not be isolated from the verb. 



Instrumentals, whether nouns or body-part prefixes, can occur 

 only in transitive verbs. The forms noxwa' yana-wa-l6bobi'^n i 

 POUND ACORNS WITH A PESTLE and noxwo'-l-loboxagwa' ^71 i pound 

 WITH A PESTLE, as Compared with lobo'xade^ i pound, will serve to 

 illustrate this. The first sentence reads, when literally translated, 

 PESTLE {noxwa') i-ACORNS iyano') -with-it-pound. The logical 

 instrument {noxwa") stands outside the verb-complex and is in 

 apposition with its incorporated instrumental representative {wa-), 

 yaifuh' being the direct (incorporated) object. The form loho'xade^ 

 I pound is made intransitive by the element -xa- (hence the change 

 in pronominal form from transitive -^n to intransitive -de^), and 

 allows of no instrumental modification ; a form like %-loho'xade^ could 

 hardly mean i pound with the hand; at most it could signify 

 I pound in the hand. If we wish, however, to express the logical 

 instrument in some manner, and yet neglect to specify the object, we 

 must get around the difficulty by making a secondary transitive of 

 § 35 



