70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHISTOLOGY [bull. 40 



analogous to the nominal elements -l^-x- and -u-x- of s'inlxda and 

 %'uxda is, e. g., the -am- of gwaH-a'm-fV my road. Just as they 

 drop off when the body-part nouns are incorporated, whether as 

 object or instrument, into the verb, so, also, the -am- of gwaH-ain- 

 ( = gwd"'n-an-) drops off when the noun is used without pronominal 

 or prepositional modification. That the -am- has nothing per se to 

 do with the pronominal affix, but is really a noun-forming element 

 added to the stem, is proven by forms like ha-gwdHa^m in the road. 

 Thus: 



object hem, in hem-wa^-l-tloxo'xi^n I gather sticks, is related to 

 object s'in-, in s'in-i-lats!agi'^n I touch his nose, as 

 instrument hem, in xd'^-he^m-Tc!wdH'Tclwidi^n I broke it with a 



stick, to 

 instrument s'in-, in s'in-tlayagi'^n I find it with my nose ( = 1 



smell it) 



In view of the complete parallelism of noun and body-part element 

 and the transparent incorporation of the noun as instrument, nothing 

 remains but to look upon the simple noun without pronominal 

 affixes, when placed immediately before the local and instrumental 

 prefixes of the verb, as itself a loosely incorporated object. Exam- 

 ples of noun-objects in such form and position are to be found in 

 great number; in fact, the regularity with which the object is put 

 before the verb, as contrasted with the freely movable subject, argues 

 further for the close relation of the noun-object to the verb. 



A few further examples of incorporated noun-objects are given by 

 way of illustration : 



he^l-gel-gulugwa'^n I desire to sing Giterally, I-song-breast-desire; 



Tie^l song) 

 TieH-yununa'^n I sing a song (106.7) 

 wili-wa-l-t!a'nida^ you shall keep house (literally, you-house- 



together-hand- will-hold ; •wiZi house) 28.13 

 ahai^ xuma-TcIemna'^s cook (literally, in-the-house food-maker; 



xuma food) 54.3 

 wai-s'ilgu' s'uxgwa^n I am sleepy (literally, I-sleep-am-confused ?- 



having; wai sleep) 

 p!i^-da-t!agdl he built a fire (p!i^ fire) 96.17 

 pH^-hd'^-ydnV^ he picked up the fire (literally, he-fire-up-went- 



having) 96.25 

 xi-^ugwa'nV he will drink water {xi water) 162.17 

 s-lx-ligi'V'^ he brought home venison {s'lx venison) 134.4 

 § 35 



