BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 71 



In none of these would the placing of the object after the verb- 

 form be at all idiomatic; in some (as in TieH-gel-gulugwa'^n and wai- 

 s'ugvf S'uxgwa^n) it would be quite inconceivable. The incorporation 

 must be considered particularly strong in those cases in which the 

 object is what might be called a root-noun identical in form with a 

 verb-stem of corresponding significance: 



wai^ sleep, to sleep 



lieH- song, to sing 



seH- black paint, to paint 



likewise where the object gives special color to the verb, deter- 

 mining the concrete significance of the form, as in xuma-lc.'emna'^s 

 and wili-wa-l-tla'nida^. 



3. Besides being used as instrumentals and direct objects, a few 

 incorporated nouns are found employed in set phrases, apparently as 

 subjects. Such are: 



'bd"'-be^-k!iyl'^¥da^ forenoon (literally, up-sun-going, or when-it- 

 goes) (&«"- is never used as independent adverb, so that he^- 

 sun must here be considered part of the verb-complex) 



nd'^-be''-Tc!iyi'^Vda^ afternoon (literally, down-river [i. e., west]- 

 sun-going) 



moV-wd''¥ as son-in-law he visits wife's parents ( = mof- son-in- 

 law + wo^V, probably identical with woV he arrived) 17.13, in 

 which mot'- must be considered an integral part of the verb, 

 because unprovided with pronominal affix (cf . Tfio'taP- his son- 

 in-law), and, further, because the whole form may be accom- 

 panied by a non-incorporated subject (e. g., ho^mxi moVwo^V 

 Otter visited his wife's parents, literally, something like: Otter 

 son-in-law-arrived) 



4. Several verb-forms seem to show an incorporated noun forming 

 a local phrase with an immediately preceding local prefix; in such 

 cases the whole phrase must be considered an incorporated unit, its 

 lack of independence being evidenced either by the fact that 

 it is itself preceded by a non-independent verbal prefix, or else differs 

 in phonetic form from the corresponding independent local phrase. 

 Examples are: 



do/^-ts'lelei-sgalawi'^n I looked at them out of the corners of my 

 eyes Giterally, I-alongside-eye-looked-at-them) ^ ; cf. dd"'-ts\'e- 

 leide alongside my eyes 



^wai- indeed could not be obtained as an independent noun, its existence as substantive being inferred 

 from forms such as that cited above. 



sitmaybe, however, that this form is to be interpreted as i-aside- (with-the-) eye-looked-at-them, 

 ts'.'elei- being in that case an incorporated instrumental noun. 



§ 35 



