BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 75 



1. dak^- 



(a) HEAD, WITH HEAD, IN HEAD: 



d&k.' ts! ay dp'de^ I washed my head Oiterally, I washed in 



my head 

 dsik'fhd'^gamf he tied together (their head hair) 27.1 

 dak'llatslagi^^n I touched top of his head 

 dak.liagdife^ I felt thrill in my head (as when sudden cold 



tremor goes through one) 

 aldak.'sd'^msa^m he bumped (mth) his head against it 79.7 

 dsk.'Viwi'k'auk'wa^n I brandish it over my head 



(6) ON TOP OF, ABOVE : 



dak.'fgu'^l)a^n I put rounded scooped-out object (like hat or 



canoe) on top (of head) (61.9) 

 dak't'eTcIe'xade^ I smoke (literally, I raise [sc, tobacco- 

 smoke] over [one's head]) (96.23) 

 dsik'limlmxgwaf it (i. e., tree) falls on you (108.12) 

 dak'wd^ga'^n I finish it Giterally, I bring it on top) (110.17) 

 ivili dsik'yd^-ng'wa'^n I pass house (? literally, I go with house 



above me) (150.8) 

 dak'daMHi''n I answer him (61.6; 180.18) 

 dakHlemexiV we assembled together (43.9; 136.11) 

 dok'Tiene^da'^n I wait for him 



The last three or four examples can hardly be said to show a 

 transparent use of dak'-. Evidently the meaning of the prefix 

 has become merged in the general verbal content, becoming 

 unrecognizable as such; cf. under in English understand, 



UNDERGO. 



2. da-f de- 

 It seems possible that we have here two distinct prefixes to begin 



with, da- INSIDE of mouth (cf. da,ts!aijdp' he washed his 

 mouth) and de- lips (cf. deHsIaydp' he washed his lips and 

 noun de^-x- lips), from the second of which developed the 

 general local significance of in front; contrast also Jiadsi'f- 

 gwa in his own mouth with defgwa in front of himself. The 

 strict delimitation of the two, however, is made difficult by 

 the fact that da-, alone in this respect among non-radical 

 verbal elements, undergoes palatal ablaut (thus becoming de-) 

 whenever the stem shows a palatal vowel, whether primary 

 or itself due to ablaut; observe also the stem-change from 

 don to de- in hadaJfgwa 170.2 and hadede in my mouth. These 



§ 36 



