BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 91 



§ 38. INSTRUMENTAL wa- 

 it is somewhat difficult to classify this prefix, as it does not belong 

 either to the body-part or the purely local group. Strictly speaking 

 it should be considered the incorporated form of the demonstrative 

 pronoun in its instrumental function. As was seen above, it may 

 represent an instrumental noun, but, while the noun may itself be 

 incorporated to denote the instrument, this is not the case with the 

 demonstrative pronoun. For example : 



ga wede yap.'a-wa-ddmhiga^ that not I-people-with-shall-kill ( = 1 

 shall not kill people therewith) 



In other words, it would seem likely that such a form as ga aPwa- 

 tslayagi'^n i wash him with that is related to an aPwatsIayagi'^n 

 I WASH him with it as, e. g., xi alhoatslayagi'^n i wash him with 

 WATER, to the form alxitslayagi'^n i water-wash him, i. e., the wa- 

 rn, al^wats.'ayagi'^n is to be regarded as an incorporated ga that, it 

 (such forms as *algats!ayagi'^n have never been found to occur). It 

 will be noticed that the verb-forms with incorporated wa- are nor- 

 mally characterized by a suffixed -i- or -M-; as soon, however, as the 

 verb loses its instrumental "face," this -i- is replaced by the normal 

 -a-. Thus: 



wilau watslayagi'^n arrow I-shoot * -him- with-it (with incorpo- 

 rated wa-, wila^u arrow being outside the verb-structure and 

 in apposition with wa-) 



but: 



tslayaga'^n wi'lau wa^ I-shoot-him arrow with (in which also wa- 

 stands outside the verb-complex, acting as an instrumental 

 postposition to wila'u) 



Examples of instrumental wa- are : 



(salxde¥)sal^wsdats!agi'^n I touched him with my foot (literally, 



my-foot I-foot-with-it-touched-him) 

 {x¥)\vs,^'iPgwa'nM 1 drink (water) with it 

 (yap!a)wsit!omo7ni'^n I kill (people) with it (but yap! a t.'omoma'^n 



I kill people) 

 alwsits!eye¥wide^ I washed myself with it 

 ga Ms do^mia gelw&gulugwi'^n I try to kill him with that (literally, 



that trying killing-him I-with-desire-it) 

 se^l-wats!elelamda^n I write with it 

 {mxde^¥)wsLgaya-iwi'^n I used to eat with (my hands) 



' Aorist ts.'ayag- shoot and aorist ts/ayag- wash are only apparently identical, being respectively formed 

 Irom stems saag. and tsldig-. 



§ 38 



