BOAS] HANDBOOK OF INDIAN LANGUAGES TAKELMA 95 



It is interesting to observe that, while stand and sit are intran- 

 sitive in the singular, the plural stems sal-xog"- and al-xdll^- make 

 transitive forms with a third personal object {-ana'Y first person 

 plural aorist transitive, -I'V intransitive; cf. tlomomana'Y we kill 

 him, but s'as'inip'iJc' we stand and s'u^willp'iV we are seated, dwell, 

 stay). 



The great majority of verb-stems are either necessarily transitive 

 or intransitive, or are made such by appropriate suffixes. Only a 

 few cases occur of verbs that are both transitive and intransitive, 

 the respective forms being kept distinct only by the varying pro- 

 nominal suffixes. Such are: 



moyugw-a'n-fe^ I am spoiled, and moyugw-an-a'^n I spoil him 

 ligl-n-fe^ I rest, and ligi^-n-a'^n I rest him 



Icluwuf^ they ran away in flight, and Icluwu he sowed, threw 

 them about 



Certain forms are alike for both transitive and intransitive; e. g., 

 second person plural subject: liluwuwa'Vp. 



§ 40. TYPES OF STEM-FORMATION 



In looking over . the many examples of verb and corresponding 

 aorist stems obtained, it was found possible to make out sixteen types 

 of stem-relations. Of this large number of types about half are of 

 frequent occurrence, while of each of the rest but few examples have 

 been found. It is not claimed for a moment that all of these types 

 should be regarded as being exactly on a par, but merely that they 

 have the value of forming a convenient systematization of the some- 

 what bewildering mass of methods of radical or base changes encoun- 

 tered. It is very probable that some of these are ramifications of 

 others, while some types show more or less petrified suffixes that for 

 some reason or other became specialized in certain tenses. As com- 

 parative linguistic material is entirely lacking, however, we can not 

 make a genetic classification of types; a purely descriptive classifi- 

 cation must suffice. 



In the following table of types of stem-formation, c means conso- 

 nant; V, vowel; d, the fortis correspondent of c; c^, Cj, and so on, other 

 consonants; v'" denotes pseudo-diphthong; other letters are to be 



literally interpreted. 



§ 40 



